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LESSON 17
TOPIC: MARRIAGE
(a). Relationship -unhealthy boys girls relationship.
(b). Courtship practices.
(c). Factors to consider before marriage.

Relationship- Unhealthy boy and girl relationship.
Adolescent is the period of growing up. It is a stage that lies between the end of childhood and the beginning of adulthood.
Boy/girl relationship should be made as wholesome and healthy as possible.


Problems of unhealthy boy and girl relationship.
Unwholesome or unhealthy boy/girl relationship can result into the following problems:
1. Unwholesome sexual indulgence or relationship.
2. Lack of self-discipline and respect.
3. Sexually transmitted diseases (STD, HIV/AIDS).
4. Teenage pregnancy.
5. Drop out from school and termination of education.
6. Various anti-social behaviors, such as, cultism, drug abuse, smoking, stealing, etc.


Guidelines for healthy and wholesome boy/girl relationship
1. Adolescents should choose friends who have good characters.
2. They should seek their parent’s approval of their friends.
3. They should bring their friends home and introduce them to their parents or guardians.
4. They should feel free to discuss their problems with their parents.
5. They should choose friends who have common interests with them.
6. They should minimize the length of time they spend together alone.


EVALUATION
1. List any six problems of unhealthy boy and girl relationship.
2. State four guidelines for ensuring healthy and wholesome boy/girl relationship.

READING ASSIGNMENT.
Read Home Economics for Nigerian Junior Secondary Schools Bk 3 by Popoola O.O Pages 104-108



LESSON 18
(A). COURTSHIP PRACTICES
(B).FACTORS TO CONSIDER BEFORE MARRIAGE.

Courtship
Courtship is a process of relationship which leads to marriage. Courtship period is the time during which the young man and woman intending to marry each other move about more closely with each other. At this period they tend to know each other better.


Characteristic features or activities involved with courtship.
1.The intending partners find out more about each other e.g. their likes and dislikes.
2. They determine how well suited they are to go into a lasting union.
3. They find out how each is accepted in the other’s family.
4. They learn about each other’s family customs and traditions-ways of life.
5. They find out the extent to which they really love and care for each other.
6. They discuss their future plans.

Factors to consider before marriage.
1.Age: The partners should be old enough for marriage
2.Background: It is wise for a person to choose a partner who has the same background (religious,social,educational, etc.) with him/her.
3.Economy security: The young people intending to marry should ensure that they are economically ready to do so.
4. Character: One should choose a partner with reputable character.
5. Health: It is necessary that the intending partners go for medical checkup. They should carry out such tests as, genotype examination,HIV/AIDS test.
6. Love: Person intending to get married should love each other
7. Compatibility: Partners should share similar interests, likes, dislikes, etc.
8 .Parental Consent: It is important that partners seek and obtain their parents’ consent before marriage.


EVALUATION
1. State any five factors that should be considered before choosing a marriage partner?
2. List six activities that characterize courtship.
3. State any two reasons why it is very important to do a genotype examination before
marriage.

ASSIGNMENT.

Workbook on Home Economics for Nigerian Junior Secondary Schools Popoola O.O. Pages 39-41

LESSON 18
TOPIC: MARRIAGE
CONTENT: (a). Marriage procedures and systems in Nigeria.
(b).Disadvantages of early marriage.

MARRIAGE SYSTEMS AND PROCEDURES IN NIGERIA.
Marriage is the union of a man and a woman as husband and wife.
Nigeria is made up of different ethnic groups. Each ethnic group often has its own marriage system; these depend on the custom and traditions of each group, religion, etc. The common systems of marriage in Nigeria include:

1. Traditional or customary marriage: This is marriage entered into according to native laws and customs. It differs from one area to another in Nigeria. Thus, there are traditional marriage customs for the Igbo’s, Yoruba’s, Hausa’s Edo’s, Efiks, etc.
Traditional marriage can be either:
i. Monogamous: where one man marries one wife or
ii. Polygamous: where one man marries many wives.

TRADITIONAL MARRIAGE

2. Marriage under the ordinance (Court marriage): This is marriage contracted in the court before a court registrar. Characteristics or features of marriage under ordinance include:
i. It does not allow either of the couple to enter into a second marriage, unless at the death or official divorce of one.
ii. It is a monogamous form of marriage.
iii. A marriage ordinance certificate is given to the couple who marries this way.
iii. It is provided by government and open to all religious sects and tribes.

MARRIAGE UNDER THE ORDINANCE( COURT MARRIAGE)

3. Church marriage: This is a form of marriage under ordinance. It is contracted in a church. Christians perform church marriage. It is a monogamous form of marriage, where a man marries only one wife.

CHURCH MARRIAGE

4. Moslem or Islamic marriage: This is contracted in the ways stipulated by Islam. Moslem men are allowed to marry more than one wife. It is a polygamous form of marriage.


DISADVANTAGES OF EARLY MARRIAGE.
The government approved age for marriage in Nigeria is 18 years. Some people even get married before the age 18; such marriage could be considered as early marriage which has the following disadvantages:
1. Couple may not be mature enough to understand the issues relating to marriage.
2. They might not be properly equipped to handle marriage challenges.
3. Their education might be disrupted.
4. Their financial base may be weak as they are likely to have low income.
5. They may have children they cannot provide for.
6. Their child rearing practices will be inadequate.
7. They could become burden to their parents.
8. They might not afford decent accommodation.
9. They stand the risk of marital instability and marriage failure.


EVALUATION
Describe the four common marriage systems in Nigerian.

ASSIGNMENT.
Objective Test:
1. The government of Nigeria approved age for marriage is
a) 20 years b) 25 years c) 30 years d) 18 years e) 15 years.
2. The following are very important for intending marriage partners.
a) Genotype and malaria tests b).Genotype and HIV/AIDS tests
c) Malaria and HIV/AIDS tests d)Measles and malaria tests
1. State five disadvantages of early marriage.

Workbook on Home Economics for Nigerian Junior Secondary Schools Book 3 by PopoolaO.O.Pages 42-44

LESSON 19
TOPIC: PREGNANCY AND CHILD BIRTH
(a). Pregnancy and its signs.
(b). Ante-natal and Post-natal care.
(c). Preparation for child birth e.g. baby layette.

PREGNANCY AND ITS SIGNS.
Pregnancy is the result of fertilization of the female ovum or egg by the male cell or sperm.

A PREGNANT WOMAN

Male reproductive system.
1. Two testes which are enclosed by the scrotum.
2. Sperm cell (Spermatozoa) which is the male sex cell.
3. The sperm ducts are tubes which carry sperm from the testes to the seminal vesicles.
4. Seminal vesicles are where the sperms are stored until they are ejaculated.
5. The prostate glands secrets a liquid in which the sperms are suspended.
6. The urethra is the duct through which sperms flow to the outside. It is embedded in the penis.

MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM.

Female reproductive system.
1. Two ovaries, each of which produces one egg every month.
2. Ovum or egg is the female sex cell.
3. Two oviducts or fallopian tubes, each leading from each ovary to the uterus.
4. The uterus or womb is the place where the foetus develops.
5. The virgina which connected to the uterus and leads to the vulva.

FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM.

How pregnancy occur.
Each of the ovaries produces ovum every month. The process of producing an ovum by the ovary is called ovulation. If there is a sexual relationship or intercourse between a man and a woman at the period when the ovum is produced, the sperm will fertilize the ovum. The result is pregnancy. If there is no sexual relationship, the released ovum will die off in a day or two. Then menstruation will occur. Menstruation is the flow of blood which each normal woman of child-bearing age experiences every month, unless she is pregnant.


Signs of pregnancy.
1. Menstruation stops.
2. Breast become fuller and tender, nipples became darker.
3. Nausea and vomiting may occur, especially in the mornings.
4. The abdomen enlarges from about three months.
6. As the pregnancy advances, the mother may feel the baby’s movements.


EVALUATION.
1. State any four signs of pregnancy.
2. What is menstruation




LESSON 20
(A). ANTE-NATAL AND POST- NATAL CARE.
(B). PREPARATION FOR CHILD BIRTH.

ANTE- NATAL AND POST- NATAL CARE
Ante-natal or Pre-natal care is the care required by a pregnant woman before the birth of her child. Ante-natal care includes the following:
1. Regular visits to ante-natal clinic: At the clinic the doctor or midwife examines the pregnant woman by carrying out the following tests:-

i. Urine test. ii. Blood test iii. Blood pressure iv. Abdominal examination v. Pelvic assessment towards the end of the pregnancy.
At the clinic, the woman also learns about child care and how to care for herself such as taking good nutrition, proper clothing, good personal hygiene, avoidance of strenuous work, avoidance of drug abuse, regular mild exercise and enough rest.

ANTI- NATAL CARE
Importance of ante-natal care.
1. The test can show any problem which the woman and the baby may have. When such problems are discovered, they can then be controlled by the doctor early enough.
2. Ante-natal care helps the foetus to develop properly.
3. It helps the mother to keep well.
4. It helps the mother to prepare properly for the child birth.
5. The talks given by mid-wives at ante-natal clinic teach the mother how to take care of herself.
6. They also help to remove any fears and doubts the mother may have about pregnancy and child birth.


Guidelines for good nutrition during pregnancy.
1. The pregnant woman’s meal must be balanced.
2. She should increase her intake of protein (body-building food). This is necessary for the formation of new tissues.
3. She needs increased intake of such minerals as iron for food, calcium from bones etc.
4. Extra vitamins are necessary for good health.
5. She needs to drink enough water daily
7. Greasy foods should be avoided to prevent digestive upsets.
8. Roughage from fruits and vegetable can improve digestion and bowel movement.
9. She should avoid extra carbohydrates in order to prevent over-weight.

Preparation for child birth.
For the mother.
1. Sanitary pads.
2. Personal clothing, including night gowns, nursing brassier, pants, etc.
3. Toiletries: toilet soap, cream, powder, etc.
4. Bed linen, that is, if the hospital allows patient to bring their own linen.
Disinfectant, such as detol.

For the baby.
1. Clothes for baby.
2. Pampers/Napkins.
3. Towels
4. Toileteries
5. Baby’s comb.
6. Shawl
7. Baby’s food.
8. Baby’s feeding unit
9. Baby’s food, in case it is needed, otherwise breast milk is the best.

Post- natal care
Post-natal care is the care required by a mother after child birth. Six weeks after child birth, the nursing mother and the baby have to visit the post-natal clinic for check-up. At the post- natal clinic:
1. The mother is examined by the doctor.
2. The doctor examines her weigh, blood pressure, blood, urine, etc.
3. The baby is also examined to ensure that he is well and normal.
4. Mother is advised on:
i. how to take care of her baby.
ii. how to take care of herself: feeding exercise, etc.
iii. her baby’s immunization.
iv. family planning, i.e. how to space her babies.

POST-NATAL CARE
Baby Layette.
Layette is the complete set of clothes required by a new- born baby. These should be provided before the baby’s arrival.


Uses of baby’s layette.
1. To protect the baby.
2. To keep baby warm.
3. To keep baby looking beautiful, that is to enhance baby’s appearance.
4. To keep baby comfortable.

Suggested layette for a baby.
1. Two to three dozen napkins/nappies.
2. Two to three special napkins safely pins for fastening the napkins.
3. Three to four plastic pants
4. Four vests. These are under shirts.
5. Two or three night gowns.
6. Three dresses and suits.
7. Two pairs of stockings and bootees
8. Two sweaters.
9. Six bibs.
10. One shawl.

EVALUATION.

1. Give any four reasons why ante- natal care is important.
2. List any five items that are part of baby’s layette.
3. State six guidelines for good nutrition during pregnancy.

ASSIGNMENT.

Objective Test:
1. The male sex cells are called
(a) testis (b) ovum (c) sperms (d) ova (e) egg
2. A female sex cell is called
(a) sperm (b)ovum (c) cell (d) ovary (e) womb.
3. The process of producing an ovum by the ovary is called
(a) Menstruation (b) fertilization (c) ovulation (d) pregnancy (e) reproduction
4. ----------- occurs when the ovum is fertilized by a sperm
(a) Menstruation (b) Ovulation (c) Pregnancy (d) Infertility (e) Child birth.
5. Which of the following is not a sign of pregnancy?
(a) Height increase (b) Vomiting (c) Nausea (d) Breast enlargement (e) Menstruation stops.
6. The care required by a pregnant woman before child birth is ----- care
(a) Child (b) birth (c) ante-natal (d) post- natal (e) normal
7. One of the following is not an ante-natal test.
(a) Urine test (b) Blood test (c) Blood pressure test (d) Abdominal test (e) Complexion test.
8. The complete set of clothes required by a new born baby is called
(a) Clothing (b) Cloths (c) Layette (d) Textiles (e) Fabrics

ESSAY QUESTION.
1. State six guidelines for good nutrition during pregnancy.