Pen-Write E-Library

SCHEME OF WORK
Week Topic

1. Revision of last term’s work.

2. Democracy : (a) Meaning of democracy (b) Features of Democracy(c) Democratic institutions and their functions – INEC , Political Parties, Pressure Groups, Arms of Government (d)Importance of Democracy.

3. Pillars of Democracy: (a) Meaning and explanation of pillars of Democracy.(b) pillars of Democracy- People, democratic institution, Rule of law, transparent electoral process, majority rule and minority right etc.

4. Election and voters Responsibilities: (a) The concept of election, Voter and voting (b) types of elections (c) Basic qualifications for election. (d) Responsibilities of a voter (e) The procedure for voting.(f) Importance of election.

5. Electoral Malpractice: (a) Meaning of electoral malpractice. (b) Forms of electoral malpractice- fake ballot papers, manipulation of votes, artificial scarcity of electoral materials , underage voting, thuggery, financial inducement and other corrupt practices, fake manifestoes.

Causes of Electoral Malpractice

6.Constitution Development in Nigeria (a) Meaning of Constitution (b)Colonial Nigeria Constitution.

7. Features of colonial constitution (d) Post 1960 constitution.

8. Supremacy of the Constitution (a)Meaning of Supremacy of the constitution (b)Provisions applicable to all states and individuals uniformly.

9. : Illiteracy: (a)Meaning and causes of illiteracy (b)Consequences of illiteracy (c) Solutions to the problem of illiteracy.

10. Revision

LESSON 1
TOPIC: DEMOCRACY
CONTENTS:
1. Meaning of democracy and features of democracy
2. Democratic institutions
3. Pressure groups
4. Arms of government
5. Importance of democracy.

MEANING OF DEMOCRACY AND FEATURES OF DEMOCRACY
Democracy can be defined as a system of government in which the supreme power is vested in the people and exercise them directly or indirectly
Democracy can also be defined as government in the hand of the majority.
In 1863, Abraham Lincoln who was the American president then defined democracy as the government of the people by the people and the for the people. Today democracy is synonymous with America.
Democracy started in Greece where qualified adult gathered together to discuss issues affecting their communities. Later, democracy was developed or built upon by the Americans.


FEATURES OF DEMOCRACY
1. There must be written or unwritten constitution to guide peoples’ conducts and government actions
2. There must be periodic elections through which citizens elect their leaders
3. There must be adoption of universal suffrage i.e All qualify adults have right to vote and be voted for
4. There should be free and fair election
5. There should be freedom of the press
6. There is separation of powers, i.e the functions of the three arms of government is not performed by one arm of government
7. The government respects the rule of law and the fundamental human rights of citizens.


https://www.slideshare.net/maheshjp05/c ... -democracy


DEMOCRATIC INSTITUTIONS, POLITICAL PARTIES AND FUNCTIONS OF POLITICAL PARTIES
A. INDEPENDENT ELECTORAL COMMISSION (INEC)
i. The body is charged with the responsibility of conducting a free and fair election
in a state
ii. he body is expected to register all eligible voters and political parties before
the conduct of any election.
iii. They are also to organize campaigns for the contesting political parties in a
state.
iv. They are to provide all electoral materials that will be used in the conduct of
elections such as ballot papers, ink, electoral boxes and electoral centres
v. It is equally the duty of the electoral commission to educate the electorates
before the conduct of election about party logos and the way to vote.
vi. Electoral commission is equally expected to divide the country into some
electoral districts known as constituencies
vii. The body may also provide security on the day of election through the law
enforcement agents
viii. Finally, electoral commission will announce the result of elections


B. POLITICAL PARTIES
This is a group of people having the same ideology and who come together for the purpose of winning an election and ruling a state examples of current political parties in Nigeria are People’s Democratic Party(PDP) Action Congress of Nigeria (ACN), Congress for Progressive Change (CPC), All People’s Grand Alliance (APGA), All Nigerians People’s party.(ANPP) etc.


C. FUNCTIONS OF POLITICAL PARTIES
1. Political parties serve as effective means of changing government
2. They are to nominate candidates to stand for various elections within the state.
3. They are equally to educate the voters or electorates through their programmes campaigns and rallies
4. Political parties serve as the link between government and the people
5. It also promotes National Unity because political parties is made up of people from different ethnic groups
6. Political parties provide social services to the members of the public through the programmes of their parties
7. Some political parties may serve as the alternative party to the government in power
8. Political parties may equally provide employment opportunities to job seekers within a state.


EVALUATION
1. Define democracy
a. Which American president gave a remarkable definition of democracy?
b. Give four features of Democracy
2. Identify two democratic institutions in Nigeria
a. Mention 10 political parties in Nigeria.
b. Give 5 functions of political parties
3. Give three reasons for the establishment of INEC in Nigeria.






LESSON 2
PRESSURE GROUPS AND FUNCTIONS OF PRESSURE GROUPS

PRESSURE GROUPS:These are group of people who want to influence the policies of government so that the government will satisfy the needs of their members. This can be based on ethnicity, religion, political philosophy or common goal.
Examples of pressure groups in Nigeria are:
Nigerian Union of Teachers (NUT), Nigerian Medical Association (NMA), Nigerian Union of Journalist (NUJ) etc.


FUNCTIONS OF PRESSURE GROUPS
1. They fight for the interest of their members so that government will meet the needs of their members.
2. They help to promote economic stability
3. They educate the members of the public through their various programmes such as debates, propaganda, symposia and so on.
4. In the process of fighting for their members, they also protect the interest of a vast majority of people.
5. Pressure groups influence the government to be focused and to be on their toes through constructive criticism. They help to give constructive criticism to the government for effective actions form the government
6. They also serve as the link between the government and the people

FUNCTIONS OF ARMS OF GOVERNMENT
1. LEGISLATURE
(i) They make law
ii. They amend existing laws
iii. They ratify government decisions
iv They approve appointment of key officers in government
v. They approve the annual budget
vi. They supervise the actions of the executive
vii. They impeach the head of government if need arise by simple majority vote

The national house of assembly complex


Legislature in action

2. EXECUTIVE
i. They initiate bills e.g. public bill
ii. They prepare annual budget
iii. Maintenance of law and order
iv. They provide security
v. Protects fundamental human rights
vi. Maintain friendly relations with other countries of the world
vii. Provide employment opportunities.


3. JUDICIARY
It is made up of courts, judges and the Legal officers


FUNCTIONS:
i. They interpret the constitution
ii. They interpret the laws made by the legislature
iii. They settle disputes
iv. They defend the rights of the people as the last hope of the common man
v. They punish offenders
vi. They check the excesses of the other organs of government such as the legislature and the executive

IMPORTANCE OF DEMOCRACY
1. Democracy ensures peaceful change of government through the electoral process
2. Democracy enables vast majority of people to participate in the government
3. Democracy will also promote the rights and liberties of the people through the entrenchment of such rights in the constitution
4. Democracy also has the tendency of promoting accountability, as the government is accountable to the people through various means
5. Democracy will afford the people the opportunity to criticize their government since the government is from them
6. Democracy may equally promote the rule of law as government and the people will act in accordance with the dictates of the law
7. Through democratic values, people are being educated as they can learn New Values through political culture and socialization.


EVALUATION
1. Mention three pressure groups in Nigeria
2. Mention two functions of each of the following arms of government
i. Executive
ii. Legislature
iii. Judiciary
3. Discuss five importance of democracy

LESSON 3
TOPIC: PILLARS OF DEMOCRACY
CONTENT: (i) Meaning and Explanation of Pillars of Democracy
(ii) Some democratic pillars
MEANING AND EXPLANATION OF PILLARS OF DEMOCRACY
Pillars of democracy are those ideas or parameters that the government need to put in place for the survival of democracy. Without them democracy will just be a mere illusion.


SOME DEMOCRATIC PILLARS
1. PEOPLE/LAW-ABIDING CITIZENS
The people are the bedrock of democracy. The people constitute the voters who could also be called electorates as they vote for their political leaders.

2. DEMOCRATIC INSTITUTIONS
Democracy is sustained by the democratic institutions put in place by the state as it helps the state to realize its objectives. Such institutions may include political parties, electoral body as well as the legislature.

3. RULE OF LAW
Supremacy of the law above individuals, groups and state officials will also make democracy to stand, as it will ensure that all laws are obeyed

4. TRANSPARENT ELECTORAL PROCESS
A free and fair electoral system will lay a solid foundation for democracy. When elections are rigged, it will lead to a fragile democracy, which can collapse if not well nurtured by truth and justice

5. MAJORITY RULE
This is a form of representative’s democracy where people actually participate in the election of their leaders

6. RIGHTS
In a democratic setting, the rights of the citizens must be guaranteed to enable them participate effectively in the government. Such rights include

7. CONSTITUTION
A good constitution will ensure that democracy is sustained and maintained because the body of rules regulations will guide the actions of the ruler and the ruled.

EVALUATION:
1. List three pillars of democracy and discuss functions of each pillar of democracy in relation to a working democracy.

https://www.slideshare.net/kasiazalisz/ ... y-44307881

LESSON 4
TOPIC : ELECTION AND VOTERS RESPONSIBILITIES
Election is the process of choosing a person or a group of persons for political positions through voting. The main purpose of election is to put people in to position of leadership by a way of making choices from available alternatives
The positions to be contested for, are the posts of the
President, Governors, members of the legislature at the central,state and local governments.
The individual doing the voting is the voter or the electorate and the process of that election is the electoral system.

A voter voting

VOTING SYSTEM: OPEN AND SECRETE BALLOT
OPEN BALLOT:The election conducted in the open place where people line up behind their candidates or signify their support by raising up their hands is known as open ballot. Here the person contesting will identify those voting for him and this can lead to molestation of others in the opposing camp.


SECRET BALLOT: Is a type of election where voters use ballot paper to cast their vote in a close place such that other voters and contesting candidates may not see them. Here the candidate may not recognize those voting for him. The safety of the electorate is guaranteed.


TYPES OF ELECTIONS
DIRECT ELECTION
Direct election takes place when voters elect their representatives by themselves in a free and fair election.

INDIRECT ELECTION
While an indirect election is a form of election where few people known and called an electoral college elect representatives on behalf of majority of voters.
An electoral college is a body of elected representatives from each state; as practiced especially in the USA, who in turn elect the president and the vice president.

SIMPLE MAJORITY AND ABSOLUTE MAJORITY
A simple majority is a type of election where the candidate with the highest vote is declared as a winner, but in absolute majority a candidate must score at least 50% of the total vote casts.

RUN-OFF ELECTION/SECOND BALLOT
This is the type of election that is conducted just after an election, where no one of the candidate has won the election by absolute majority in a general election. When there is no clear-cut winner of an election, a run-off election is conducted, but only the candidates with the highest votes are allowed to contest at this level.

PRIMARY ELECTION
This is an election conducted within a political party to choose credible candidate (s) that can adequately represent the party in any election.


REFERENDUM
This is an election organized in order to vote for a decision on a subject. For example such election can be conducted to determine people’s wish or opinion on a subject like: should abortion be legalized in Nigeria?; should Nigeria organize sovereign national conference ?.


BYE-ELECTION
This is a special election that takes place after another election, in order to fill a vacant elective post or replace a politician. Bye-elections may be conducted as a result of disqualification, resignation or death




LESSON 5
BASIC QUALIFICATIONS FOR ELECTION
1. The person must be a Nigeria citizen either by birth Naturalization, or registration
2. The person must be sane who is not mentally derailed
3. He must be residing in the country for a period of time
4. He must be a registered voter before the actual election takes place
5. Such a voter participating in an election must never have been convicted for a criminal offence
6. The voter must also be paying his tax when due
7. Such a person must be loyal to the country and be law abiding

RESPONSIBILITIES OF A VOTER
1. He must come out and register before the actual election takes place
2. He must check his name on the revised electoral register at least 3 months before the election
3. On the day of election, he must take his voters card and check his name with the staff of electoral commission. Then he can exercise his voting right for the candidate of his choice.
4. He must be law abiding at the polling station and take instruction at the station from the electoral officers
5. He must leave the polling station immediately after voting


PROCEDURE FOR VOTING
1. The first step is to register all eligible voters before the actual election and also revise those registers
2. Next is to fix the date of the election
3. Appointment of ad-hoc staff to be used by the electoral commission. Those officers must be well trained.
4. Posting of these electoral officers to the different locations where they will serve
5. Pasting of posters of Electoral Commission at the various places for enlightenment purpose
6. Distribution of electoral materials to the various centers
7. The actual voting will commence at the various stations
8. The final thing is the counting of voters and declaration of election results the returning officer


Distribution of election materials

IMPORTANCE OF ELECTION
1. Election serves as a peaceful way of changing government form one regime to the other
2. Election will enable the government to know the mind of the people and this is called public opinion
3. Election also serves as a forum for political education as it affords voters the opportunity of learning the electoral process
4. Election will also make the government in power to be a legitimate one that is coming from the people
5. Election will make also the government in power to know how popular their programmes are
6. It also promotes political accountability because the elected representatives will give account of their service to the people especially for renewal of mandate
7. Election will also promote health competition between the contesting parties
8. People are also able to express their voting right as it will give them opportunity to vote for the candidates of their choice.
9. Election promotes spirit of competition. Where competition is healthy, it makes way for efficiency.


EVALUATION
1. Define the concept of elections, voter and voting
2. List five types of elections
3. State three types of Election
4. Define electoral malpractice
5. Differentiate between Electoral College and referendum

LESSON 6
TOPIC: ELECTORAL MALPRACTICES
(i) Meaning of electoral malpractice
(ii) Forms of electoral malpractices

Meaning of electoral malpractice
This is the manipulation of electoral process by the electoral commission, political parties and candidates.


FORMS OF ELECTORAL MALPRACTICES

1. It may be caused by using of fake ballot papers printed illegally by contesting parties and manipulation of votes.

2. There may also be artificial scarcity of electoral materials in some areas in order to weaken some parties where they are strong

3. Some political parties may hire under-aged voters who are not up to the voting age in order to increase their chances of winning

4. Some candidates or supporters may intimidate some lawful voters in order to scare away the supporters of the opposing parities.
They may use thugs to snatch or steal the ballot boxes of voting centers where opponents are more popular. (thuggery)

5. It may also be seen in a form of financial inducement and other corrupt practices to win more votes

6. It may also manifest in fake manifestoes of some political parties

7. There may also be unlawful detention of some candidates

8. Announcement of wrong candidates as the winner of an election


Election violence in Nigeria

EVALUATION
1. What is electoral malpractice?
2. Give four forms of electoral malpractice

STUDY QUESTIONS
1. Which among the following did not give the meaning of Democracy :(a) Government of the people by the people and for the people. (b) government in the hand of the people (c)America system of government (d) Government in which Supreme power is in the hand of majority

2. Democracy originated from ……… (a)Nigeria (b)Egypt (c)America (d)Greece

3. Who was the American President that defined democracy as the government of the people by the people and for the people (a)George Washington (b) Bill Clinton (c)John Kennedy (d) Abraham Lincoln

4. The modern democracy was built upon by the (a)Russian (b)American (c)British (d)German

5. In which year did an American president define democracy as government of the people by the people and for the people (a)1859 (b)1860 (c)1863 (d)1865

6. Which among the following is not a feature of Democracy (a)written or unwritten constitution (b)periodic election(c)rule of law (d) dictatorship

7. ………..the right of qualified adult to vote and be voted for(a)Election (b)referendum (c)suffrage (d)democracy

8. Which body is charged with the responsibility to conduct free and fair election in Nigeria(a) PHCN (b)NUT (c)NPC (d)INEC

9. The first thing in electoral process if an election is to take place is(a)registration of eligible voters (b)verification of ballot papers (c)announcement of result (d)campaign

10. The political party that produced Dr Good luck Jonathan as the president of Nigeria in 2010 is (a)PRP (b)ACN (c)APGA (d)PDP

11. One importance of political parties is that (a)it promote corruption (b) it hamper development (c) it promote national unity (d)it punish criminals

12. Which among the following is to nominate candidates that will stand for various election within a state (a)political parties (b)legislature (c)Judiciary (d)INEC

13. The full meaning of NBA is(a)National Bank Association (b)Nigerian Bar Association (c)National Bureau of Advocates (d)No Bad Actions

14. Which arm of government is responsible for law making in Nigeria(a)Executive (b)Legislature (c)Judiciary (d)None of the above

15. The judiciary does not perform one of the following functions in Nigeria.(a)law interpretation (b)constitution interpretation (c)punishing offenders (d)impeachment

16. The …… are the bedrock of democracy (a)legislature (b)People (c)lawyers (d)police

17. In an ideal democracy electoral body should be ……..(a)corrupt (b)dependent(c)independent (d)none of the above

18. The only arm of government that has the constitutional right to impeach the chairman, governor or president is (a)Executive (b)legislature (c)INEC (d)Judiciary

19. An election where people line up behind their candidate is called (a)indirect election (b)franchise (c)direct election (d)pure election

20. The box where people cast their votes in an election is called (a)paper box (b)election box (c)power box (d)ballot box

ESSAY QUESTIONS
1. Define democracy
2. Which American president gave a remarkable definition of democracy?
3. Give four features of Democracy
4. Identify two democratic institutions in Nigeria
5. Mention 10 political parties in Nigeria.
6. Give 5 functions of political parties
7. Give three reasons for the establishment of INEC in Nigeria.
8. Mention three pressure groups in Nigeria
9. Mention two functions of each of the following arms of government
i. Executive
ii. Legislature
iii. Judiciary
10. Discuss five importance of democracy
11. List three pillars of democracy and discuss functions of each pillar of democracy in relation to a working democracy.
12. What is electoral malpractice?
13. Give four forms of electoral malpractice

LESSON 7
TOPIC: ELECTORAL MALPRACTICES
CONTENTS
1. Causes of electoral malpractices
2. Consequences of electoral malpractices
3. Preventing electoral malpractices


CAUSES OF ELECTORAL MALPRACTICES
Electoral malpractices are caused by a number of factors some of them are listed below:
1. Lack of Civic Education: Many voters are ignorant on how to vote, thumb print or even identify the parties and the candidates of their choice.

2. Corruption/Greed: some officials of the electoral commission can be bribed and tamper with ballot boxes.

3. Valued System: Poor value system can be a cause of electoral malpractices.

4. Illiteracy: Most citizens in Nigeria are illiterate and lack political awareness.

5. Ambition to win power at all cost: Through the use of political thugs and hoodlums to intimidate the electorate.
https://youtu.be/FDdjonxrPZI


CONSEQUENCES OF ELECTORAL MALPRACTICES
Electoral malpractices are always followed by negative happenings in the country and to the electorate the following are some of the negative consequences:
 Wrong people in power
 Prevention of free and fair elections
 Political instability
 Political violence
 Scaring voters
 Loss of confidence and trust in government and democracy
https://youtu.be/40ChIg3F-Bg

PREVENTING ELECTORAL MALPRACTICES
As citizens of this great Nation, efforts should be made by everyone in order to prevent electoral malpractices.
1. Civic Education: The public should be educated on voting procedure and danger of electoral malpractices.
2. Voters must obey the laws guiding elections.
3. Serious punishment for elections riggers.
4. Polling agents should carry out their duties and avoid meddling with the voting materials and exercise.
https://youtu.be/F28N1S_uJ7c

EVALUATION
1. What are the three causes of electoral malpractices?
2. Write four likely consequences of electoral malpractice in the country.
3. List four prevention of electoral malpractice.

https://youtu.be/mWzs1rhdGWc

LESSON 8
TOPIC: CONSTITUTION DEVELOPMENT IN NIGERIA
CONTENTS
1. Meaning of Constitution
2. Colonial Nigeria Constitution
3. Features of colonial constitution
4. Post 1960 constitution

MEANING OF CONSTITUTION
A constitution is a body of laws governing a country. No country in the world can function without a constitution. It is a source of authority and it gives function to the three arms of government. It determines the rights and duties of citizens. Constitution can be written or unwritten; rigid or flexible.
In Nigeria, our constitutional development are in two phase. The first phase was the period when Nigeria was under British rule (Colonial rule) and the second phase was when Nigeria gained independence from British rule (Post Independence Period).


COLONIAL NIGERIA CONSTITUTION
Nigeria fell under British rule in 1861. Lagos was made a crown colony and was directly administered from London.
Nigeria passed through different phases of constitutional development.
In 1914 Lord Luggard, the governor general amalgamated the northern and southern protectorate. Lord Luggard established the Nigerian Council that laid the foundation for constitutional development in Nigeria.


i. Clifford Constitution of 1922
Sir Hugh Clifford was appointed governor of Nigeria after Lord Frederick Luggard in 1922. He made some findings on the northern and southern provinces and recommendation was sent to the British government and was approved.
This became the new constitution and was named after Sir Hugh Clifford.
The constitution created two councils (The executive and legislative council) elective principle (This means election and voting for candidates to represent Nigeria in the legislative was introduced).






LESSON 9
ii. Richard Constitution of 1946
The defects of the Clifford’s constitution of 1922 led to the introduction of the Richard Orwell constitution of 1946. Some of its features were:
 It divided Nigeria into three region, namely: northern, eastern and western region
 It established a single legislative council for the whole Nigeria, for the first time it allowed unofficial members in the legislative council.


iii. Macpherson Constitution of 1951
Sir John Macpherson took over from Sir Richard. The constitution came into being after a constitutional conference was held at the village, regional and central level. Some of its features were:
 It established a central legislative and a central executive council for the whole country.
 There were regional legislative and regional executive council for the north, west and east.
 The constitution introduced the federal system of government in Nigeria with division of powers between the central government and regional government.

iv. Lyttleton Constitution of 1954
Oliver Lyttleton became the governor general in 1954. After the London and Lagos constitutional conferences held in 1953, a new constitution was written for Nigeria by governor Lyttleton. Some of its features were:
 Nigeria formally became a federation with the federal government and three regional governments.
 The regions were more autonomous.
 It made provision for the office of the speaker and deputy speaker.

v. Independent Constitution of 1960
Nigeria became an independent and a sovereign nation on October 1, 1960. British officials went back to Britain and Nigerians were in charge of their own government. It features were:
 Nigeria remained a federal state with three regions – north east and west.
 Bicameral legislature (The Senate and House of representative at the centre).
 The preservation of people’s fundamental human right.


EVALUATION
1. What is a constitution?
2. Identify two other things a constitution does.
3. Describe the two phases of Nigerian constitutional development.
4. _____________ amalgamated the northern and southern protectorate in 1914.
5. Identify three constitutions that were promulgated before the 1960 constitution.
6. Give a summary of Lyttleton constitution.
7. State 2 features of the 1960 independence constitution.

https://drive.google.com/file/d/1msJVXn ... sp=sharing

ASSIGNMENT
1. Who was the first governor general?
2. Identify two main features of Sir Hugh Clifford constitution of 1962.
3. The Nigeria __________ laid the foundation for constitutional development in Nigeria.
1. What is a constitution?
2. Identify two other things a constitution does.
3. Describe the two phases of Nigerian constitutional development.
4. _____________ amalgamated the northern and southern protectorate in 1914.

LESSON 10
FEATURES OF COLONIAL CONSTITUTION
1. Creation of two councils; the legislative and executive council.
2. Introduction of an elective principle.
3. Division of Nigeria into three regions with each having its regional council.
4. Regional assemblies were granted power to make laws for their region.
5. Three legislative lists were drawn (the exclusive, the concurrent and the residual list).
6. Lagos was proclaimed Federal Capital Territory.
7. Provision for the office of the speaker and deputy speaker.
8. The preservation of the people’s fundamental human right.


POST 1960 CONSTITUTION
i. REPUBLICAN CONSTITUTION 1963
The queen ceased to be the head of state.
The Privy Council in London ceased to be the highest court in Nigeria but the Supreme Court.
The name governor general was changed to president.
Fundamental human right guaranteed by the constitution.
It granted the federal government power to declare a state of emergency in any part of the country.


ii. 1979 PRESIDENTIAL CONSTITUTION
After thirteen years of military rule, a search began for a workable constitution.
In July 1975, Murtala Mohammed formed a constitution drafting committee which submitted its report and was approved by the Obasanjo regime. It was adopted as the constitution of the second republic on the 1st of October, 1979 the same day the military handed over power to the civilian. The constitution established a presidential system (executive president is both the head of state, government and commander in chief of the armed forces).
The president is elected in a general election declared military coup unconstitutional each of the 19 states had a house of assembly.


iii. 1989 PRESIDENTIAL CONSTITUTION
At the end of 1983, it had become clear that the 1979 constitution had failed. The Shagari/Ekwueme administration was overthrown by Buhari on the31st of December, 1983. The military suspended the 1979 constitution and ruled by decrees and edicts. Buhari government was overthrown by Babaginda in 1985 and in 1987, the 1979 constitution was reviewed and was approved by the Armed Forces Ruling Council in 1989. The 1989 constitution adopted the 1979 constitution with some amendments.


iv. 1999 PRESIDENTIAL CONSTITUTION
The presidential election of 1993 (June 12) was annulled, the head of state, General Sanni Abacha started a constitutional amendment process.
General Abdulsalami Abubakar, who took over from Abacha, set up a constitution drafting committee. A new constitution emerged called the 1999 constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria.


v. FEATURES OF THE POST 1960 CONSTITUTION
1. All post independent constitution maintains the presidential system of government.
2. The post independence constitutions were all written by Nigerians and for the Nigerian people.
3. The fundamental human rights are entrenched in all the constitutions.
4. It declares the supremacy of the constitution.
5. The constitution provides for a bicameral legislature for the federal government (two houses chambers) and unicameral legislature in the state (one house or chamber).
6. The constitution provide for citizenship requirements by birth, registration and neutralization.
7. Power is held by the people’s representative with a president.
8. All the constitutions are written.

EVALUATION
1. Identify six features of colonial constitution.
2. Identify three features of the 1979 constitution.
3. State six features of the post 1960 constitution.

https://studylib.net/doc/7379598/consti ... in-nigeria

LESSON 11
TOPIC: SUPREMACY OF THE CONSTITUTION
CONTENTS
1. Meaning of Supremacy of the constitution
2. Provisions apply to all states and individuals uniformly

Section1 of the 1979 constitution states that the constitution is supreme and all its provisions bind compulsory on all authorities and persons in Nigeria.
A country’s constitution is the body of laws by which that country is governed. Anything outside the constitution is said to be unconstitutional.


SUPREMACY OF THE CONSTITUTION means that the laws or rules and regulations of a country is the highest authority that must be obeyed by all citizens. It also means that the constitution is above all individuals and government.

ONLY ONE CONSTITUTION FOR THE COUNTRY
In Nigeria, the constitution is the highest authority that guides the conduct of government. There is only one constitution for the country.

THE PROVISIONS APPLY TO ALL STATES AND INDIVIDUALS UNIFORMLY
It also means that the provisions apply to all states and all individuals. No citizen of Nigeria is above the constitution no matter his ethnic origin, religion, status, age or connection.

EVALUATION
1. Explain the meaning of the supremacy of the constitution.

ASSIGNMENT
1. _______ Constitution was the first to divide the country into three.
2. One of the unique features of the 1922 Clifford Constitution of Nigeria was the introduction of _____.
3. Identify constitutions promulgated after Nigeria became independent.

https://www.slideshare.net/zubairrumi9/ ... -malaysian

LESSON 12
TOPIC: ILLITERACY
CONTENTS
1. Meaning and causes of illiteracy
2. Consequences of illiteracy
3. Solutions to the problem of illiteracy

MEANING OF ILLITERACY
Illiteracy simply means not knowing how to read or write documents, books, street signs and news print.
The illiterate are those who are uneducated, untrained and unequipped to participate in the changing world of information and communication technology (ICT).


CAUSES OF ILLITERACY
The following are the causes of illiteracy in our society:
a. Traditions and Values: People’s beliefs and values. Example is Boko Haram sect, they believe western education is evil.

b. Poverty: People that lack or have little money, food, clothes and shelter cannot cope with education.

c. Wrong Policies and Priorities: Wrong government policies and programme is another cause.

d. Wrong Attitude to Education: Many react due to wrong mindset as a result of the negative happenings in the Nigeria Educational Sector.

e. Poor and Inadequate Facilities: Many schools in Nigeria lack facilities and equipment like laboratory and computer equipment, buildings, textbooks etc

f. Lack of Access to the opportunity of receiving quality education.


CONSEQUENCES OF ILLITERACY
a. Ignorance: An ignorant person lacks knowledge.
b. Proneness to Manipulation: Illiterates are prone to wrong beliefs and are easily deceived.
c. Ethnic Manipulation: Illiterates are easily manipulated as a result of ethnic fear and prejudice (unreasonable dislike and distrust).
d. Illiteracy inhibits (prevents) technological development.
e. Abuse of rights due to lack of education.


SOLUTION TO THE PROBLEM OF ILLITERACY
a. An enabling policy environment e.g. U.B.E
b. Provision of access to education and provision of facilities.
c. Citizenship education.
d. Legislation to ensure school attendance up to particular age.


EVALUATION
1. Explain two effects of illiteracy on individual lives and societal development.
2. List four solutions to the problem of illiteracy,

ASSIGNMENT
1. List 4 causes of illiteracy.
2. List some consequences of illiteracy.

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