Pen-Write E-Library

SCHEME OF WORK
WEEK TOPIC
THEME: POLITICAL CONCEPTS AND PRINCIPLES
1. Revision of last term’s work/Types and characteristics of Government:(1) Unitary Government: (a) Meaning of Unitary
Government (b) Main features. (c) Advantages and disadvantages of unitary government. (d) Factors responsible for the success of unitary government. (e) Resource control.
2. Types and characteristics of Government: (2) Federal Government: (a) Definition of Federalism. (b) Reasons for Federating. (c) Characteristics of federal system. (d) Resource control in a federal system (e) Merit and demerit of federalism.
3. Types and characteristics of Government: (3) Presidential System of Government: (a) Definition of Presidential system of government. (b) Characteristics. (c) Resource control (d) Advantages and disadvantages.
4. Types and characteristics of Government:(4) Parliamentary or Cabinet System of Government: (a) Meaning of Parliamentary System. (b) Major Characteristics. (c) Merits and demerits. (d) Differences between presidential and parliamentary systems of government.
5. Types and characteristics of Government:(5) Confederal Government: (a) Meaning of confederation. (b) Main features. (c)Resource Control (d) Merits and demerits (e) Comparison with federalism.
6. Types and characteristics of Government:(6) Monarchy: (a) Meaning (b) Forms of monarchy (i) absolute monarchy(ii) constitutional monarchy. (c) Resource control. (d) Main features (e) Merits and demerits.
7. Types and characteristics of Government:(7) Republicanism: (a) Definition (b) Features (c) Resource control (d) Differences between republicanism and monarchy.
8. Constitutions and Constitutionalism: (a) Meaning of constitution. (b) Sources of constitution. (c) Scope of a constitution. (d) Features. (e) Types of constitution. (f) Constitutionalism.
9. The Structure and Organization of Government:(1) Executive: (a) Composition – (i) Parliamentary/Cabinet executive (ii) Presidential executive. (b) Functions (c) Control of the executive (d) Honesty and integrity.
10. The Structure and Organization of Government:(2) Legislature: (a) Functions of the legislature. (b) Types of legislature – (i) Unicameral (ii) bicameral (c) Stages of passing a bill into law. (d) Honesty and integrity.
11. Revision

REFERENCE BOOKS
1. The New Analytical Study of Government for Senior Secondary Schools, third edition 2012, by Sola Adu, Emadet publication Ibadan.
2. Round – Up Government for Senior School Certificate, UME and PCE Examinations by IbiyemiOyeneye, etal (2011); Longman Nigeria limited
3. Comprehensive Government for Senior Secondary Schools by Johnson UgojiAnyaele (2003) A. Johnson Publishers Limited
4. New Government Senior Schools Book 1 By A. Adedeji, etal (2o13); Estorise Nigeria limited.
5. SSCE Government pack by Tonad publisher 1988-2013.

TOPIC: TYPES AND CHARACTERISTICS OF GOVERNMENT:
(1) Unitary Government:
CONTENT: (a) Meaning of Unitary Government
(b) Main features.
(c) Advantages and disadvantages of unitary government.
(d) Factors responsible for the success of unitary government.
(e) Resource control.

Sub-Topic 1: MEANING OF UNITARY GOVERNMENT AND MAIN FEATURES OF UNITARY GOVERNMENT.
Meaning of Unitary Government
Unitary system of government is a system of government in which all governmental powers are concentrated in the hands of a single authority or central government. The central government has all the constitutional powers, assumes supremacy over all other subordinates units and makes laws for the entire state.
In unitary government powers are not shared between the central government and other component units. Unitary government adopts a unitary constitution. Examples of unitary states are Britain, Ghana, the Gambia, France, Belgium, Italy, New Zealand, Sweden, Sierra Leone, Ethiopia, Togo, Cameroun, etc.
Main features or Characteristics of Unitary Government.
The following are the features or characteristics of unitary government.
1. All governmental powers are concentrated in the hands of a single authority or central government.
2. There is no constitutional division of powers between the central government and the local regions.
3. The central government is the only source from which power emanates.
4. The central government can delegate powers to other subordinate bodies.
5. The constitution need not necessary be supreme, for the central government may have power to modify it.
6. The constitution need not be rigid.
7. There is no judicial review
8. The citizens owe allegiance to only one government; that is, the central government.
9. It is best practiced in a homogenous state where there are no sharp differences in religion, language and political belief.
10. A unitary government adopts a unitary constitution.
11. The various units into which the nation is divided for administrative purposes are created by the central government.
12. There is parliamentary supremacy in a unitary state.
EVALUATION
1. Define unitary system of government.
2. State six features of unitary system of government.
Sub-Topic 2: Advantages and Disadvantages of Unitary Government.
Advantages or Merits of Unitary Government.
1. Stronger and Stable Government: Unitary system of government tends to be stronger and more stable than federal system of government. This is because the citizens show loyalty to the central government.
2. Reduction in Cost: The cost of running a unitary system of government is reduced because there is no duplication of government and offices.
3. Quicker Decisions are Made: Quicker decisions are made because the single authority into which power is concentrated need not consult any other authority before taking decisions.
4. Promotion of National Unity: The system promotes patriotism as a result of absence of tribalism, sectionalism associated with federalism and these give rise to national unity.
5. Simple to Operate: Unitary government is easy to operate and less cumbersome because it does not require too much financial and manpower resources unlike federalism.
6. Avoids Waste of Human and Material Resources: This is as a result of the fact that Unitarianism does not involve unnecessary duplication of government offices.
7. Foster the Spirit of Oneness: The citizens in a country that adopts unitary system of government look to themselves as one.
8. It Has Flexible Constitution: This is an advantage to a unitary government because the constitution can easily and cheaply be amended to suit the changing social, political and economic situation of a country
9. Uniformity in the Level of Development: All parts of a country that adopts unitary system of government tend to develop at the same pace.
Disadvantages or Demerits of Unitary Government
1. The Central Government is Over Burdened: The central government is overloaded with too much problems as a result of concentration of all governmental powers in one single authority.
2. Encouragement of Dictatorship: It leads to dictatorship as a result of concentration of powers in a single authority.
3. Does not Suit Large Territories: Unitary system of government is only suitable for countries with small sizes not for countries with large population, wide geographical areas, diverse language, culture, etc.
4. Government is Kept Far Away from the People: Unlike federalism, Unitarianism places government far away from the people especially those in interior parts of the country.
5. It Kills Local Initiatives: Since there is only one decision making body at the centre, good initiatives from the local areas will be overlooked.
6. It does not Encourage Wider Presentation: Unitary government does not give room for wider representation of the people in the government as a result of the fact that there is only one government-the central government.
7. Leads to Domination of Minority Groups: The minority groups in a country that adopts a unitary system of government are dominated by the majority.
8. It Causes Dissatisfaction: It causes dissatisfaction among the various units of a country as a result of the concentration of governmental power in one single authority that may be made up of people from one area.
9. Is Prone to Political Instability: Unitarianism if adopted in a multi-ethnic and multi-lingual country, will lead to political instability because of the dissatisfaction it causes
EVALUATION
1. Highlight five advantages of unitary system of government.
2. List and explain five disadvantages of unitary system of government.
Sub-Topic 3: FACTORS RESPONSIBLE FOR THE SUCCESS OF UNITARY GOVERNMENT AND RESOURCE CONTROL.
Factors Responsible for the Success of Unitary Government
The following must be taken into consideration to have a successful unitary form of government.
1. Homogeneity of Society: That is where there is a great deal of similarity in language, culture, religion and attitude.
2. Size of the Country: A unitary system of government operates best in a country with fairly small size for example Togo, Ghana, etc.
3. Common Language and Culture: Common language and culture bind people together and these give rise to the adoption of unitary system of government.
4. Common History: Unitary system of government operates better in an environment where the citizens of the country have a common history.
5. Absence of Minority Groups: Where there are no minority groups, unitary system of government can work well.
6. Loyalty to the Central Government: Unitary system of government works very well in countries where the citizens show strong loyalty to the central government.
Resource Control.
Resource control is the control and management of resources by the central or local government. In a unitary system of government, resources are controlled by the central government. The central government in the system has absolute control over the resources of the subordinate governments. The subordinate governments only exercise the power given to them by the central government.

EVALUATION
1. Explain resource control in unitary system of government.
2. Identify and explain four factors responsible for the success of unitary system of government.
GENERAL EVALUATION
1. What is unitary system of government?
2. State five features of unitary government.
3. Highlight five factors responsible for the success of unitary government.
4. Explain resource control in unitary government.
5. Mention five disadvantages of unitary government.
WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT
Objective Test:
1. In a unitary state, governmental power are concentrated at the (a) component units (b) local level (c) centre (d) regions.
2. A unitary system of government is most suitable for a (a) highly religious country (b) country with a lot of mineral deposits (c) small homogeneous country (d) highly populated country.
3. One feature of a Unitary State is (a) the large size of the country (b) high level of economic development (c) absence of constitutional division of power to the unit. (d) Presence of heterogeneous groups.
4. Which of the following is an important feature of a unitary government? (a) concentration of power (b) decentralization of power (c) revolutionary power (d) de-concentration power
Essay Questions:
1. Why do some West African Countries adopt the unitary system of government while others do not?
2. Compare unitary government with federalism.

Reading Assignment: Read from Melrose Government SS 1, by R.E Aiyede et.al. Pages 50-53
PRE-READING ASSIGNMENT: Read and understand federal system of government.

TOPIC:TYPES AND CHARACTERISTICS OF GOVERNMENT (CONT.)
(2) FEDERAL GOVERNMENT:
CONTENT: (a) Definition of Federalism.
(b) Reasons for Federating.
(c) Characteristics of federal system.
(d) Resource control in a federal system
(e) Merit and demerit of federalism.

Sub-Topic 1: DEFINITION OF FEDERALISM AND REASONS FOR FEDERATING.

Definition of Federalism
A federal system of government can be defined as one in which governmental powers that exist in the country are shared between a central government that represent the whole country and government of component regions or states, so that each government is legally and constitutionally independent and autonomous.
It does not mean that powers are shared equally between the central government and government of the component regions or state. Countries that practice federalism adopt federal constitution. Examples of countries that adopt federalism include; U.S.A., Nigeria, Federal Republic of Germany, Brazil, Switzerland, Australia, Yugoslavia, India among others.
The powers of the government are assigned constitutionally among the states and central government. The powers are usually referred to as legislative lists. Under the federal exclusive legislative lists in Nigeria are the federal civil service, mining, defense, foreign policy, currency and banking, aviation, immigration, police, customs, and prisons. Only the central government can legislate on the subjects in the exclusive lists. Concurrent list of power are areas where powers are shared jointly by both the central and state government. In case there is conflict of laws made by both governments, the central government laws will supersede that of the state government. Subject matters on concurrent list include health, education, agriculture, roads, housing etc. Residual powers are powers not included in either the exclusive list or the concurrent lists, and this rest in the states. Matters in the residual lists include chieftaincy matters, local governments, markets, etc.
Reasons for Federating
The following are the reasons for the adoption of federal system of government.
1. For Rapid and Even Development: Some countries adopt federalism to ensure rapid and even development of a country.
2. The Size of the Country: A federal system is suitable for a state with large geographical area and large population.
3. To Bring Government Nearer to the People: Federalism which leads to the creation of state or regions brings government very close to the people especially to those at local areas.
4. To Expand Local Markets: The division of a country into different regions or states under federalism is done with the reason to expand the local markets.
5. Tribal Differences: Differences in culture, religion, language, custom, tradition, etc among different groups of a country may lead to the adoption of federalism.
6. To create more Employment Opportunities: The division of powers and the duplications of offices and services create employment opportunities more than any other system.
7. Desire for Union: Some states desire a union because of threat to their independence or fear of external attacks.
8. For Diverse Law to be made: Federalism is also established in order to make it possible for diverse laws that will suit the diverse communities in the country.
9. For Easy and Effective Government: Countries advocate for federalism because, division of powers just like division of labour, will make the art of governance more effective, efficient, time saving, less fatigue and less energy-sapping.
10. Protection of the Interest of Minority Groups: In order to protect the interest of the minority group in a country where there is sharp demarcation between majority and minority group, it will be necessary to establish federalism.
EVALUATION
1. Explain federal system of government.
2. Enumerate four reasons for the adoption federal system of government.
Sub-Topic 2: CHARACTERISTICS OF FEDERAL SYSTEM AND RESOURCE CONTROL IN A FEDERAL SYSTEM

Characteristics or Features of Federal System of Government
The following are the basic characteristic of federal system of government.
1. The constitutional power are shared among the levels or tiers of government; that is, the federal, state and local governments.
2. Each component unit or government has sole control over the area under its authority.
3. The constitution of a federal state is usually rigid. It cannot be amended by any one level of government, but by all the governments together.
4. Supreme Court settles constitutional conflicts.
5. Federal system of government adopts written constitution.
6. There is duplication of organs of government in all levels or tiers of government.
7. The constitution is supreme in federalism.
8. The constitution of federalism forbids secession.
9. The constitution specifies the areas of responsibility of each level of government.
10. All the levels of government derive their powers from the constitution.
Resource Control in a Federal System Government
In a federal system of government, the state or local government would manage the resources from their territories under federal guidelines, and then remit taxes to the federal government.
EVALUATION
1. State four characteristics of federal system of government.
2. What is resource control in federal system of government?
Sub-Topic 3: MERITS AND DEMERITS OF FEDERALISM.
Merits or Advantages of Federalism
1. FasterDevelopment: The distribution of powers into different areas in a federation, ensures faster and even development.
2. It Brings Government Nearer to the People: Federalism which involves division of a country into smaller governments, brings these government to the door step of the people.
3. Encouragement of Healthy Competition: Federalism encourages healthy competition among the component states or regions which goes a long way in leading to rapid development.
4. Prevention of Emergence of Dictator: This is as a result of the fact that powers are not concentrated in a single authority as is done in unitary system of government.
5. It Allays Fear of Domination: Fear of domination of one ethnic group on others are reduced by federalism since each ethnic group is given the opportunity to rule itself in its own way.
6. Creation of more Employment Opportunity: the duplication of offices give room for employment opportunities.
7. Guarantee Human Rights: This is as a result of the fact that in a federation, constitution is supreme.
8. It Maintains Political Stability: The division of powers in a federation removes all forms of dissatisfaction that leads to political instability.
9. Economic Advantages: Federalism brings about rational utilization of the material and human resources in all levels of government.
Demerits or Disadvantages of Federalism
1. Inter-State Friction: This is as a result of differences in opinions among these component states or regions into which powers are divided.
2. It is Expensive to Operate: It cost a lot in terms of material and human resources required to operate a federal system of government.
3. Difficulty in Taking Quick Decisions: This is as a result of the consultations required before decisions are taking especially in matters that fall into concurrent lists that involve both the central and the state government.
4. Fear of Domination: In spite of the fact that powers that exist in the country that adopt federalism are divided into many areas, it still does not remove the fear of one ethnic group dominating others at the centre.
5. Problem of Wealth Sharing: Federalism creates the problem of sharing the wealth of the country among different component states and the central government.
6. Problems of Co-ordination: It is problematic in coordinating a federal state as a result of many areas into which powers are divided.
7. Difficulty in Amending the Constitution: This is as a result of lack of flexibility and rigid nature of the federal constitution adopted in a federation.
8. It Leads to Dual Loyalty: The citizens tend to have two different governments to demonstrate their loyalty, which is the state and central government.
EVALUATION
1. Highlight five merits of federal system of government.
2. Identify and explain five demerits of federal system of government.
GENERAL EVALUATION
1. What is a federal state?
2. Highlight any four weaknesses of the federal system of government.
3. What are the factors that necessitated the adoption of a federal system in Nigeria.
4. Discuss resource control in federal system of government.
5. State five disadvantages of federalism.
WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT
Objective Test
1. Which of the following is a factor in the formation of a federation? (a) desire for a union (b) absence of a common enemy (c) small population (d) geographical in contiguity.
2. In a federal system of government, the powers of state governments are subordinate to (a) the regional constitutions (b) the supreme body of state laws (c) acts of the parliament at the centre (d) provincial laws.
3. The system of government in which powers are shared between the centre and the component units is called (a) totalitarianism (b) federalism (c) unitary (d) oligarchy.
4. Which of the following is a feature of federalism? (a) Unwritten Constitution (b) Flexible Constitution (c) Unitary Constitution (d) Written Constitution.
5. The power of the central government to dissolve subordinate units at will is a feature of (a) confederal system of government (b) unitary system of government (c) parliamentary system of government (d) federal system of government.
6. The exclusive list in federalism includes all the following except (a) defense (b) foreign relations (c) currency (d) transportation.
7. A system of government in which the head of state is elected for a fixed term of office is known as (a) republican (b) monarchical (c) con-federal (d) federal.
8. A federal system of government is adopted in a state with (a) a single ethnic group (b) small population with large expanse of land (c) weak economic base (d) marked inequalities among the component units.
9. An advantage of a federal system of government is that it. (a) Promote even economic development. (b) facilitates quick secession (c) is less expensive to operate (d) encourages unity in diversity.
10. Residual powers in a federation are exercised by the (a) federal government (b) federal and state governments (c)state governments (d) federal and local governments

Essay Test
1. In what significant ways is federalism distinguishable from unitarism?
2. What are the problems usually associated with a federal system of government?
Read Assignment: Read from Melrose Government SS 1, by R.E Aiyede et.al. Pages 53-56
PRE-READING ASSIGNMENT: Read critically presidential system of government.

TOPIC: TYPES AND CHARACTERISTICS OF GOVERNMENT (CONT.)
(3) PRESIDENTIAL SYSTEM OF GOVERNMENT:

CONTENT: (a) Definition of Presidential system of government.
(b) Characteristics.
(c) Resource control
(d) Advantages and disadvantages.
Sub-Topic 1: DEFINITION OF PRESIDENTIAL SYSTEM OF GOVERNMENT.
The presidential system of government is a system of government in which there is an executive president who is vested with all executive powers and who combines the office of head of state and head of government.
The president is the commander-in-chief of the armed forces and combined the executive functions and ceremonial duties. He also appoints members of his cabinet who are not members of the parliament. Nigeria and U.S.A are good examples of countries practicing presidential system of government. The president can be removed from office through the process of impeachment.

EVALUATION
1. What is presidential system of government?
2. Identify two states in the world practicing presidential system of government.

Sub-Topic 2:CHARACTERISTICS AND RESOURCE CONTROLIN PRESIDENTIAL SYSTEM OF GOVERNMENT

Characteristics of Presidential System of Government
1. In a presidential system of government, the President is both the head of state and head of government.
2. The principle of separation of powers is operational in presidential system of government.
3. The President and his ministers are not members of the parliament.
4. The principle of checks and balances is applicable in presidential system of government.
5. The constitution is supreme in a presidential system.
6. The tenure of office of the President is limited to afixed term.
7. The ministers are responsible to the President not the legislature.
8. The President has power to dismiss any member of his cabinet at anytime.
9. The President has powers to pardon prisoners, appointment of judges to the supreme court, assenting to bill etc
10. The President is responsible to the constitution and not to the legislatures.

Resource Controlin Presidential System of Government
Resource control in a presidential system of government is located in the National Assembly and the Presidency. The National Assembly members have the power to determine and recommend control of the state’s resources to the president. The president too has the responsibility of endorsing the recommendations of the National Assembly.

EVALUATION
1. State six characteristic of presidential system of government.
2. Explain resource control in presidential system of government.

Sub-Topic 3: ADVANTAGES OR MERIT AND DISADVANTAGES OR DEMERIT OF PRESIDENTIAL SYSTEM OF GOVERNMENT

Advantages or Merit of Presidential System of Government
1. Separation of Powers: There is clear separation of powers among the three organs of government which prevent misuse of power.
2. Checks and Balances: Checks and balances among the three organs of government prevent tyranny and abuse of power.
3. Fixed Tenure of Office: The president’s fixed term of office enables him to give full time to the pursuit of state duties during his tenure.
4. Absence of Collective Responsibility: In the presidential system of government every individual is accountable for his acts which may lead to his own resignation and not the entire cabinet.
5. Absence of Conflict: The fusion of the positions of the head of state and the head of government in the President removes possible conflict between the two as it happens in the cabinet system.
6. Easy to Apportion Blame: The system makes it possible to easily apportion blame to any organ or arm of government that fails in the performance of its functions because of the absence of fusion of powers.
7. Power to Discipline: The president has the power to discipline erring members of his government, especially the ministers.
8. Proper Use of Talents: In as much as the president has the right to choose members of his cabinet from anywhere, he chooses the best talents for his government.

Disadvantages or Demerit of Presidential System of Government
1. It May Breed Dictators: Since power corrupts and absolute power corrupts absolutely, over concentration of powers in the president can make him a dictator.
2. Expensive to Run: As a result of non fusion of the executive and the legislature this makes the system too expensive to operate.
3. It is Difficult to Control the President: This is as a result of the fact that he is not responsible to the parliament; he can refuse to implement laws made by the legislature because he cannot be easily removed from the office.
4. Lobby: Lobbying leads to bribe and bride to corruption and this is one of the elements used in presidential system of government by the president to the legislators in order to initiate a bill.
5. Frequent Friction: There is always friction between the executive and the legislature as a result of the separation of the two arms of government.
6. The power of the president to appoint anyone as a minister can encourage him to appoint his relatives or close friends. Those appointed may not be competent to perform the job.
EVALUATION
1. Highlight any five merits of presidential system of government.
2. Identify any five demerits of presidential system of government.
GENERAL EVALUATION
1. How are resources controlled in a presidential system?
2. Outline five characteristics of presidential system of government.
3. State five merits of presidential system of government.
4. Identify five demerits of presidential system of government.
5. What is presidential system of government?
WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT
Objective Test
1. The system of government in which the president acts as the head of state and head of government is (a) diarchy (b) presidential (c) unitary (d) parliamentary.
2. Which of the following is a function of a head of state? (a) settles cases (b) arbitrates electoral petitions (c) creates new constitutions (d) receives foreign dignitaries.
3. Which of the following principles is emphasized among the three organs of government in a presidential system? (a) separation of power (b) centralization (c) delegated legislation (d) political participation.
4. The executive and ceremonial powers are exercised by the head of state in a (a) unitary system (b) federal system (c) presidential system (d) con-federal system.
5. In a presidential system, the head of government is called the (a) prime minister (b) Governor-General (c) Executive President (d) Mayor.
Essay Questions:
1. Explain checks and balances in presidential system of government.
2. Discuss separation of powers in presidential system of government.
Read Assignment: Read from Melrose Government SS 1, by R.E Aiyede et.al. Pages 56-58
PRE-READING ASSIGNMENT: Read and understand parliamentary system of government.

TOPIC: TYPES AND CHARACTERISTICS OF GOVERNMENT (cont.)

CONTENT: (4) Parliamentary or Cabinet System of Government:
(a) Meaning of Parliamentary System.
(b) Major Characteristics.
(c) Merits and demerits.
(d) Differences between presidential and parliamentary systems of government.

Sub-Topic 1: MEANING OF PARLIAMENTARY SYSTEM AND MAJOR CHARACTERISTICS.

Meaning of Parliamentary System
Cabinet or parliamentary system of government may be defined as one in which the Head of State is different from the Head of Government and where there is no strict separation of powers between the executive and the legislature. The main executive power is exercised by the Prime Minister, who is the head of government. The other part of the executive power is ceremonial and it is exercised by a President or Monarch (King or Queen) which is the head of state. Britain is a very good example of a cabinet system of government. Nigeria practiced the system between 1960 and 1966. Parliamentary filibuster refers to a delay method of prolonging debates in parliament. The prime minister and his cabinet can be removed from office through a vote of no confidence by members of the parliament.

Major Characteristics of Parliamentary System of Government
1. The head of state is different from the head of government.
2. There is no strict separation of powers.
3. The prime minister is the head of government while the Queen or the King or the President is the head of state.
4. The prime minister exercise real executive powers.
5. The Head of State performs ceremonial functions.
6. The Prime Minister and all cabinet ministers are chosen from the legislature and they form what is called parliamentary executive.
7. The Prime Minister and all cabinet ministers are also members of the parliament.
8. The Prime Minister is also the parliamentary leader of the party in power.
9. The Prime Minister has the power to dismiss any minister in his cabinet.
10. The system operates on collective responsibility.
11. A vote of ‘no confidence’ by the parliament can force the Prime Minister and his cabinet minister to resign.
EVALUATION
1. What is parliamentary system of government?
2. State seven characteristics of parliamentary system of government.

Sub-Topic 2: MERITS OR ADVANTAGES AND DEMERITS OR DISADVANTAGES OF PARLIAMENTARY SYSTEM OF GOVERNMENT.

Merits or Advantages of Parliamentary System of Government
1. It Foster Cooperation: Parliamentary system of government foster cooperation between the executive and the legislative arms of government as a result of their fusion.
2. The System is Less Expensive: In parliamentary system of government members of the executive and the legislative arms are elected in one election and also few people are involve since members of the executive are also member of the legislature.
3. Collective Responsibility: This makes all hands to be on deck to steer the ship of the state successfully together since any mistake by anyone might affect others.
4. Absence of Frequent Friction: There is less friction between the executive and the legislature because the two arms of government are fused.
5. The Executive is Closely Checked: The fact that members of the executive are also members of the parliament, gives the parliament the opportunity to check the activities of the executive closely.
6. Quick Policies are Made: In the cabinet system, the legislature and the executive are fused which makes for faster policies to be made.
7. There is Free Flow of Information: This free flow of information is as a result of the fact that members of the executive are equally member of the legislature; information gap is therefore bridged
8. There is a cordial relationship between the Prime Minister and his cabinet ministers because the Prime Minister is regarded as primus inter pares; that is first among equals.

Demerits or Disadvantages of Parliamentary System of Government
1. Fusion of Power: This does not encourage specialization in the art of governance thereby leading to inefficiency and ineffectiveness in administration.
2. No Personal Accountability: Collective responsibility make ministers behave anyhow since they cannot be judged individually.
3. It is Less Democratic: The Prime Minister who rules the country is not elected directly by the electorate and therefore is not responsible to the people.
4. Encouragement of Dictatorship: The system encourages the Prime Minister to become a dictator because of the enormous power vested in him.
5. Members of the Executive are Prone to Distraction: This is as a result of their parliamentary commitments and will therefore be distracted from executive assignment.
6. Arbitrary Dismissal: The uncontrollable powers of the Prime Minister in dismissing any minister he wishes to dismiss can lead to arbitrary dismissal of ministers.

EVALUATION
1. Give five merits of parliamentary system of government.
2. State five demerits of parliamentary system of government.

Sub-Topic 3: DIFFERENCES BETWEEN PRESIDENTIAL AND PARLIAMENTARY SYSTEMS OF GOVERNMENT.
1. In a presidential system of government, the head of government is also the head of state. While in a parliamentary system of government, the head of state is different from the head of government.
2. In the presidential system there is a clear separation of powers between executive and the legislature, while in the parliamentary system, the two are fused.
3. The principle of collective responsibility is not applicable in presidential system, while it is applicable in parliamentary system.
4. The president and his ministers are not members of the legislature in a presidential system. While in parliamentary system, the prime minister and his cabinets are members of the legislature.
5. While constitution is supreme in the presidential system, the parliament is supreme in the parliamentary system.
6. The principle of checks and balances applies in presidential system but it does not apply in parliamentary system.
7.If the president is removed by impeachment it may not affect his ministers but if the prime minister is removed from office through vote of no confidence, his ministers will go with him.

EVALUATION
1. Enumerate five differences between presidential system of government and parliamentary system of government.
2. Discuss fusion of power in parliamentary system of government.
GENERAL EVALUATION
1. Define parliamentary system of government.
2. Outline five characteristics of parliamentary system of government.
3. State five advantages of parliamentary system.
4. Give five demerits of parliamentary system.
5. Highlight five differences between parliamentary and presidential system of government.
WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT
Objective Test
1. Which of the following is true of a parliamentary system of government? (a) there is an Executive President (b) fusion of powers is discouraged (c) collective responsibility is emphasized (d) the Prime Minister is the head of the judiciary.
2. In a parliamentary system, the executive is weak because it is (a) accountable to parliament (b) responsible for its own actions (c) headed by a prime minister (d) the head of state that controls the government.
3. A governmental system where the head of state is distinct from the head of government is called (a) presidential (b) unitary (c) parliamentary (d) republican.
4. The head of government in a parliamentary system of government is the (a) President (b) Governor (c) Prime Minister (d) Chancellor
5. A characteristic of the parliamentary system is that (a) Separation of powers is not strictly observed (b) The prime minister combines the executive and ceremonial functions (c) The president can dismiss any minister without much hindrance (d) The ministers are responsible individually to the president.
Essay Questions:
1. Identify six features of a parliamentary system of government.
2. Outline four reasons why some countries adopt parliamentary system of government.
Read Assignment: Read from Melrose Government SS 1, by R.E Aiyede et.al. Pages 58-61
PRE-READING ASSIGNMENT: Read confederalism from your e-learning note.

TOPIC: TYPES AND CHARACTERISTICS OF GOVERNMENT (CONT.)

CONTENT: Con-federal Government:
(a) Meaning of confederation.
(b) Main features.
(c)Resource Control
(d) Merits and demerits
(e) Comparison with federalism.
Sub-Topic 1: MEANING OF CONFEDERATION AND MAIN FEATURES
MEANING OF CONFEDERATION

Confederation is the form of government in which sovereign states come together as autonomous bodies to form a loose political union, in which the central government is sub-ordinate to the component governments. A government is said to be con-federal when the constitutional arrangements allocate much power to the component at the expense of the central government. It is also defined as a loose federation. Example is Senegambia which was a confederation made of sovereign Senegal and Gambia,

Main Features of Confederation
1. The component sovereign states are more powerful than the central government.
2. It is a union of sovereign or autonomous states.
3. It has weak central government.
4. The constitution makes the component states very powerful.
5. The allegiance of the citizens is usually more to the component sovereign states than the centre.
6. The component states retain their sovereignty and identity.
7. Confederation has a flexible constitution.
8. The component states have constitutional rights to secede.
9. As a loose union, it is generally less politically stable.

Evaluation
1. What is confederalism?
2. State seven features of confederalism.

Sub-Topic 2: RESOURCE CONTROL, MERITS AND DEMERITS OF CONFEDERATION

Resource Control in Confederation
Resources are controlled in a confederation by the component governmentsthis does not mean that their contributions for the upkeep and administration of the supra-national authority are not accounted for.

Merits of Confederation
1. Confederation encourages healthy competition among the sovereign states.
2. Confederation enables a union to be forged among people with different cultural background.
3. The constitutional right of secession from the confederation is an advantage to member states which desire to terminate their membership.
4. Confederation allows component states to retain their sovereignty and identity instead of losing such to the central government.
5. The component states have the opportunity to make diverse laws that will suit their states.
6. Confederation guarantees wider consultation especially in the formulation of policies that concern all the states
7. Confederation helps to expand the local markets in the states concerned.
8. Equality exists among the states which make up the confederation. No state can claim supremacy over others.
Demerits of Confederation
1. Confederation is not popular because it has a weak central government.
2. Confederation is repudiated by many nations because of its inherent political instability.
3. Citizens obey their component governments while the central government is not recognized in the system.
4. The making and implementation of decisions are unnecessary delayed. This is because members of the union need to agree before decisions are reached.
5. The right of secession is a source of disunity which may lead to the quick disintegration of a confederation.
6. Confederation is not popular because of the fact that component states retain their sovereignty and identity instead of losing them to the common union.
7. Confederation does not allow for even development of the component state.
EVALUATION
1. Highlight five merits of confederal government.
2. What is resource control in confederal government?
Sub-Topic 3: COMPARISON OF CONFEDERALISM WITH FEDERALISM
1. In a federation, sovereignty rests with a new state formed represented by the central government, while in a confederation sovereignty rests with the component states.
2. Federalism is a fairly strong association while confederation is a loose association of sovereign state.
3. The Supreme Court is very powerful in federalism but there is no powerful supreme court in confederation.
4. The constitution is supreme in federalism while in a confederal system, the component states are supreme.
5. In a federal state, the constitution is written, rigid and supreme while in a confederation, the constitution is usually flexible.
6. In federalism, there is no constitutional right to secede while there is constitutional right of secession in confederation.
7. A federal system of government is more stable politically than a confederal system of government.
EVALUATION
1. State five demerits of confederal government.
2. Give five comparison of confederaism with federalism.
GENERAL EVALUATION
1. Outline five features of a confederal system of government.
2. What is confederalism?
3. Discuss resources control in confederalism.
4. State five demerit of confederalism.
5. Compare and contrast confederalism and federalism.

WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT
Objective Test
1. Which of the following is a feature of a confederation? (a) it has a rigid constitution (b) the central government is stronger than the component units (c) there is a legal right of secession (d) there is no provision for a state constitution.
2. An advantage of a confederation over a federation is that the component units (a) have the right to secede (b) share resources equally (c) are politically stable (d) co-operate fully with the centre.
3. Con-federalism was once practiced in (a) Nigeria and Ghana (b) Senegal and The Gambia (c) Mali and Cote d’Ivoire (d) Togo and Nigeria.
4. Which of the following is not a characteristic of confederation? (a) The right to secede is allowed (b) Sovereignty resides in the centre (c) the centre and units agree before taking decisions (d) autonomous units are more powerful than the centre.
5. Which of the following best describes the relationship between the central and the component government in a confederation? (a) The central government collects revenue for component governments (b) The central and component government have equal power (c) The central government legislates for the component government (d) The central government is weaker than the component governments.
Essay Questions:
1. Why would you recommend the con-federal system of government for a country like Nigeria?
2. Give five reasons why con-federalism is not as popular as federalism.
READING ASSIGNMENT: Read from Melrose Government SS 1, by R.E Aiyede et.al. Pages 61-62
PRE-READING ASSIGNMENT: With critical analysis read monarchical system of government?

TOPIC: TYPES AND CHARACTERISTICS OF GOVERNMENT (cont.)

CONTENT: Monarchy:
(a) Meaning
(b) Forms of monarchy (i) absolute monarchy (ii) constitutional
monarchy.
(c) Resource control.
(d) Main features
(e) Merits and demerits.
Sub-Topic 1: MEANING AND FORMS OF MONARCHY (I) ABSOLUTE MONARCHY (II) CONSTITUTIONAL MONARCHY
Meaning of Monarchy
Monarchy is a form of government headed by a king, queen or emperor known as monarch. Monarchy is a hereditary system of rule where power is transferred within the family from one generation to the other. Sovereignty is vested in an individual called the monarch.
In modern times, some countries operate monarchical form of government in which the monarch has limited power and performs ceremonial functions.
Examples of countries where the system is practiced are Britain, Saudi Arabia and Morocco.
Forms of Monarchy
There are two forms or types of monarchy
1. Absolute monarchy
2. Limited or constitutional monarchy
Absolute monarchy: This is the type of monarchy in which the monarch has unlimited powers. The monarch does not derive his powers from the constitution but rules by divine right. Absolute monarchy is associated with hereditary leadership. Only members of the royal families are qualified to lead or rule. Examples of former absolute monarchs are Emperor Haile Selassie of Ethiopia and Nicholas II, the Czar of Russia. Today, ruling absolute monarchs are very few. Examples are King Mohammed VI of Morocco and Abdulla Bin Abdul-aziz al-saud of Saudi Arabia.
Limited or constitutional Monarchy: in this form of monarchy, the monarch has limited powers because he or she derives his or her powers from the constitution. The monarch is only a ceremonial or a figure head of state and a symbol of the nation. The actual power of governing is rested in the elected representative. Examples of countries that adopt constitutional monarchical system of government include Britain, Sweden, Arabia, Australia, Holland, etc.

A YORUBA MONACH: THE PRESENT ALAAFIN OF OYO
EVALUATION
1. Discuss monarchical system of government.
2. What is limited monarchy?
Sub-Topic 2:Resource Control and the Main Features
Resource Control
Resource control in absolute monarchy is vested in the monarch-the king or the queen. In Saudi Arabia where absolute monarchy is practiced, the king has exclusive control over the sharing of state’s resources.
In constitutional monarchy, like in Britain, the resource control lies in the Queen-in-council. This means that resources are controlled by both the parliament and the monarch.
The main features of monarchy
1. Final state authority lies in the king or queen.
2. Ascension to leadership position is by hereditary.
3. Countries using the monarchical system of government are usually characterized by religious homogeneity.
4. It is based on age-long cultural practices.
5. Obedience to the monarch is as natural as obedience of a child to his parents
6. There is no separation of powers, as the executive, legislative and in some cases even judicial powers are all concentrated in the reigning monarch.
EVALUATION
1. Enumerate resource control in monarchical government.
2. Outline five features of monarchy.
Sub-Topic 3: MERITS OR ADVANTAGES AND DEMERITS OR DISADVANTAGES OF MONARCHY
Merits or Advantages of Monarchy
1. Monarchy brings about political stability
2. The monarch is a spiritual and historical figure. It is the custodian of the traditions and customs of the people.
3. Decisions are taken without unnecessary delay especially in absolute monarchy
4. National loyalty is encouraged because obedience to the monarch is seen as obedience to God.
5. Monarchy is best adopted to deal with emergency situations. This is possible because the monarch does not need to consult others before he takes any action.
Demerits or Disadvantages of Monarchy
1. The monarch can easily become a dictator
2. Monarchy does not accept the principle of popular sovereignty
3. The characteristics of monarchy as a form of government negate the principle of democracy.
4. A monarch could be a despot as good intentions, ability and good conduct are not hereditary
5. Most officials in a monarchy are not elected
6. The divine right of the monarch makes their subjects passive participants in the political system
EVALUATION
1. Mention five merits of monarchy
2. State five demerits of monarchy
GENERAL EVALUATION
1. What is monarchy?
2. Discuss the absolute form of monarchy.
3. Explain the constitutional form of monarchy.
4. Enumerate five features of a monarchical system.
5. State five demerits of monarchical system.
WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT
Objective Test:
1. Monarchy means government (a) headed by a king (b) by the people (c) of the majority (d) run by the elite.
2. A system of government where political powers are inherited is called (a) monarchy (b) diarchy (c) democracy (d) aristocracy.
3. A good example of an absolute monarch is (a) Adolf Hitler of Germany (b) Benito Mussolini (c) Haile Selassie of Ethiopia (d) Margaret Thatcher of Britain.
4. The type of government that is headed by a king or queen is called (a) monarchical (b) federal (c) presidential (d) republican.
5. A monarchy refers to (a) getting political office by election (b) capturing political office by force (c) selection into office by a Council of State. (d) hereditary right to a political office.
Essay Questions
1. Critically juxtapose absolute monarchy with constitutional monarchy
2. Explain resources control in monarchical system of government.
READ ASSIGNMENT: Read from Melrose Government SS 1, by R.E Aiyede et.al. Pages 63-65
PRE-READING ASSIGNMENT: Read about republicanism

TOPIC:TYPES AND CHARACTERISTICS OF GOVERNMENT (cont.)

CONTENT: Republicanism:
(a) Definition
(b) Features
(c) Resource control
(d) Differences between republicanism and monarchy.

Sub-Topic 1: DEFINITION OF REPUBLICANISM
A republican government is the form of government in which the people are governed by their elected representatives and not by hereditary rulers.
A republican government is a sovereign state headed by an elected president for a fixed term of office. Examples of republican government are presidential and parliamentary systems. In 1963, Nigeria became a republican with an elected Head of State called President. Other republican states include USA, USSR, France, Ghana, Liberia, Senegal etc.
EVALUATION
1. What is Republican?
2. Write on Nigeria as a Republican State since 1963?
SUB-TOPIC 2: FEATURES AND RESOURCE CONTROL IN REPUBLICAN GOVERNMENT
Features of a Republican Government
1. In a republic, political offices are competed for in elections. They are not obtained through hereditary.
2. The president or prime minister can be removed by the electorate or their representatives.
3. It is usually characterized by a multiparty system.
4. A republican constitution is entirely home made.
5. There exist political and legal equalities in a republic
6. Political power is exercised within the limits of the constitution
7. A republic is sovereign, that is, it is not subject to another power or state.
Resource Control in a Republican Government
Resource control in a republican government is entrenched in the constitution and vested in the people of the state. The resources are controlled through the elected representatives. Since the people determine their own affairs.
EVALUATION
1. Highlight four features of a republican government?
2. What is resource control in a republican government?
Sub-Topic 3: DIFFERENCES BETWEEN REPUBLICANISM AND MONARCHY
1. The leader in a republicis elected, while the monarch assumes power through hereditary succession
2. The principle of the rule of law is strictly adhered to in a republican government, while in monarchy the rule of law is absent.
3. In a republic, the head of state is known as the president, while in a monarchy, the head of state is known as a monarch.
4. All members of the legislature are elected in a republic; while in a monarchy, some legislators are appointed while others inherit membership of the legislature.
5. In a republic, political sovereignty resides with the people, while in monarchy the right to rule rest with the monarch
6. In a republic, the constitution is entirely home made while in a monarchy the constitution may have some alien influence.
7. Election is held periodically in republican government while in a monarchy, especially absolute monarchy, elections are not held periodically.
8. The principles of constitution are adhered to in a republic, while the monarch is not mandated to observe the concept of constitutionalism.
EVALUATION
1. Enumerate five differences between republicanism and monarchy.
GENERAL EVALUATION
1. What is republicanism?
2. State five features of a republican state.
3. Explain resource control in a republican state.
4. Outline five merits of republicanism.
5. Highlight five demerits of republicanism.
WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT
Objective Test
1. A system of government in which governmental positions are acquired through popular elections is known as (a) fascism (b) confederalism (c) monarchy (d) republicanism.
2. Which political system makes it possible for the citizens to decide on laws to govern the land? (a) Rule of law (b) Federal system of government (c) Mono principle system (d) Republicanism
Essay Questions
1. Explain Nigeria as a republican state.
2. Vividly explain the republic Nigeria is into.
READ ASSIGNMENT: Read from Melrose Government SS 1, by R.E Aiyede et.al. Pages 66-68
PRE-READING ASSIGNMENT: Read constitutions and constitutionalism.

TOPIC:CONSTITUTIONS AND CONSTITUTIONALISM
CONTENT: (a) Meaning of constitution.
(b) Sources of constitution.
(c) Scope of a constitution.
(d) Features.
(e) Types of constitution.
(f) Constitutionalism.

Sub-Topic 1: MEANING OF CONSTITUTION AND SOURCES OF CONSTITUTION
Meaning of Constitution
A country’s constitution is the body of basic laws, principles, conventions, rules and regulations which govern the country. It is a document that establishes the institutions of the government and defines their powers, as well as relationship between various organs and agencies of government. It also contains the right and duties of the country’s leaders and citizens. A constitution is superior to all its other laws.
Sources of Constitution
1. Legislation: These are bills passed into law in the parliament
2. Customs and Conventions: Constitutions derive also from customs and conventions which are strictly obeyed in society, but which have not been written down.
3. Judicial Precedents: Constitutions derive much of their provisions from court judgments passed on very important subject
4. International Document: The provisions of important documents such as the UN conventions on human and people’s right, form part of the constitution.
5. Past Experiences: The geographical, historical, political, economic, social and religious experiences of people also help to shape the constitution.
6. Intellectual Works: Ideas are sometimes borrowed from the works of political thinkers like A.V. Dicey, Karl Marx, and Thomas Hobbes, in constitution making.
7. International Laws: International laws such as the ones made by international organizations like UN. These laws include the International Civil Aviation Convention (ICAC), International Laws of the Seas (ILAO).
8. Constitutional Conferences: Sometimes, some countries organize conferences where their constitutions are drafted. Countries that have produced their constitution in this way include the US, Nigeria and Ghana.
9. Decree: Laws made by military through the promulgation of decrees also serves as sources of constitution.
EVALUATION:
1. What is a constitution?
2. Explain four sources of the constitution?
Sub-Topic 2: SCOPE AND FEATURES OF A CONSTITUTION
Scope of a constitution
1. Preamble: The preamble is located at the beginning of a (written) constitution. It is an expression of the ideas, purposes and aspiration of the people. The preamble also states the reason why the particular constitution is being produced.
2. Distribution of Power: The power and functions of the three main organs of government; the legislature, the executive and the judiciary, as well as those of agencies as the armed forces and the police are clearly defined. Also, it states the powers that are shared among the three arms of government. That is;
i. Federal powers are located in Exclusive list
ii. State powers are located in Residua list
iii. While the powers which belong to the federal and state government are in concurrent list
3. Procedure for Amendment: Procedure for constitutional amendment is usually specified in many constitutions. In some, the constitution can be fairly easily amended by the same procedure as for the passage of bills into law, while in others; the constitution can only be amended by a complex procedure different from that of passage of bills into law.
4. Right of Citizen: the provisions of most constitution guarantees the citizen’s fundamental rights. Such rights include right to life, civil liberties, legal rights etc. the inclusion of these rights in the constitution helps to ensure against the arbitrary use of governmental power
Features of a Constitution
1. It contains fundamental principles and objectives of the state that is ideology
2. A constitution of a country specifies the rights and duties of the citizens.
3. It states the type of government to be adopted in a country.
4. It establishes the political structure of a country, for example federal or unitary.
5. It defines the political institutions including their functions. That is the Legislative, Executive and Judiciary.
6. It states whether the legislature is unicameral or bicameral
7. It defines the type of party system that will operate in a country, for example one party or multi party system.
8. It defines citizens’ fundamental human rights including the duties and obligations of the citizens.
9. It provides for revenue allocation
10. It provides for budgetary allocation.
11. It provides a platform for the commencement of the constitution.
12. It contains the procedure for amendment.
EVALUATION
1. Highlight four scope of a constitution
2. State six features of a constitution

SUB TOPIC 3: Types of Constitution and Constitutionalism
Types of Constitution
The following are the types of constitution
1. Written constitution
2. Unwritten constitution
3. Rigid constitution
4. Flexible constitution
5. Federal constitution
6. Unitary constitution

1. Written Constitution: A written constitution refers to a document which is written the fundamental laws, conventions, principles, customs, norms, rules and regulations which governs a country. Examples of country that operate written constitutions are Nigeria, USA, Canada, Ghana, France and India.
Advantages
i. A written constitution is easy to refer to.
ii. Citizens are better aware of their fundamental rights.
iii. It serves as a proud symbol of nationhood.
iv. A written constitution helps ensure political stability.
v. It has easy reference in case of disputes.
Disadvantages
i. It is subject to frequent litigations.
ii. The rigid nature of written constitutions makes them difficult to amend.
iii. It is not easily adaptable to changing conditions and times.
iv. Written constitutions do not often cover all subjects that may be required of a constitution
2. Unwritten Constitution: An unwritten constitution is one in which the fundamental laws, conventions, principles, customs, norms, rules and regulations which govern a country are not written down in a single document. It is the opposite of written constitution. Britain and New Zealand are good exams of countries whose constitution is unwritten.
Advantages of an Unwritten Constitution
i. It is flexible and as a result, easy to amend.
ii. An unwritten constitution makes for easy and quick decisions.
iii. Its non-rigidity eliminates many potential areas of dispute in governance
iv. An unwritten constitution evolves with time and is therefore responsive to changing conditions.
Disadvantages of an Unwritten Constitution
i. Since it is easy to amend, government might be tempted to amend it at will.
ii. It is difficult for citizens to know their rights and duties.
iii. In cases of disputes, it does not make for easy reference

3. Rigid Constitution: A rigid constitution is a constitution that cannot be easily changed because its amendment process is cumbersome. Examples of countries with rigid constitutions are Nigeria and United States of America.
Advantages of Rigid Constitution
i. It is difficult to amend, government officials can not change it to suit themselves.
ii. A rigid constitution helps to ensure an orderly change of government.
iii. A rigid constitution helps to make for political stability
iv. It removes constitutional ambiguity
Disadvantages of Rigid Constitution
i. Its amendment procedure is cumbersome.
ii. It is expensive.
iii. It is not suitable for emergency situations.
iv. It can make the judicial arm of government to be politicized.

4. Flexible Constitution: Flexible constitutions are those in which an amendment does not involve any lengthy or difficult procedure. Examples of countries with flexible constitutions are Britain, Italy and New Zealand.
Advantages of Flexible Constitution
i. Its procedure of amendment is easy
ii. It reduces the chances of political instability
iii. It protects the interests of the people in the process of governance
Disadvantages of a Flexible Constitution
i. It is prone to dictatorship
ii. Unplanned bills could find their ways into the constitution.

4. Federal Constitution: A federal constitution refers to one in which governmental powers that exist in the country are shared between a central government and the component states. The United States of America and Nigerian constitutions are good examples.
Advantages of Federal Constitution
i. It maintains the independence and autonomy of the component states.
ii. It protects the interest of the minority groups.
iii. It makes room for wider representation of the people.
iv. It unites people of different political, social, cultural etc origin together.
Disadvantages of Federal Constitution
i. It duplication of powers and government leads to increase in government expenditure.
ii. The political rivalry that exists among different government leads to political instability.
iii. It emphasizes the differences among the different ethnic groups in a country.
iv. It creates problem in the sharing of the wealth of the country among different component states.
6. Unitary Constitution: A unitary constitution refers to one that concentrates governmental powers and authority in a single central government. Examples of countries with unitary constitution are Britain, Italy, France, Belgium, New Zealand, Sweden, Ghana Togo etc.
Advantages of Unitary Constitution
i. A unitary constitution is flexible and easy to amend.
ii. Unitary constitution is less expensive
iii. It instills spirit of nationalism and patriotism in the citizens.
iv. Its flexibility allows for quick decision and action to be taken in time of emergency
Disadvantages of a Unitary Constitution
i. Its amendment can be done in a hasty manner since it is flexible
ii. It does not encourage bringing government nearer to the people
iii. It does not make room for wider representation of the people in the government.
iv. It is not suitable for a country with wide geographical area.

7. Confederal Constitution: This is a constitution in which almost major powers and functions of government are reserved exclusively for the component states save the common currency, defence, and foreign affairs in which the national or central government may hold power.

Constitutionalism
Constitutionalism means that the power of government should be defined and limited by the dictates of the body of the fundamental laws of the land known as the constitution. That is actions and activities of government and its officials should be in line with the provisions of the constitution. It states that nobody is above the law no matter how highly placed.
EVALUATION
1. Mention and explain seven types of constitution
2. What is constitutionalism?
GENERAL EVALUATION
1. What is a constitution?
2. What are the five major features of the constitution of a state?
3. Mention five sources of a constitution.
4. Outline five advantages of written constitution.
5. Explain unwritten constitution.
WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT
Objective Test
1. Constitutionalism implies that (a) citizens should read the constitution always (b) leaders should ignore the dictates of the constitution (c) citizens should challenge the provisions of the constitution (d) leaders should act according to the stipulations of the constitution.
2. Which of the following is not a source of a country’s constitution? (a) Legislative decisions (b) Past constitutions (c) Writ of Mandamus (d) Judicial Precedents.
3. Which of the following is not within the scope of a constitution? (a) Fundamental Human Right (b) Organs of government (c) Coup d’etat (d) Preamble.
4. A constitution is the (a) written document of traditional practices (b) functional aspect of government activities (c) supreme document of the government (d) fundamental laws of the land.
5. A constitution is important because it (a) teaches moral values of the society (b) prescribes rules for those who govern (c) serves as source of conflicts in society (d) describes the law and admonishes obedience.
6. Which of the following cannot be found in a constitution? (a) fundamental human right (b) manifestoes of political parties (c) organs of government (d) duties and obligations of citizens.
7. A rigid constitution is a feature of (a) unitary system (b) monarchical system (c) federal system (d) confederal system.
8. The body charge with the responsibility of preparing a new constitution in a country is the (a) electoral commission (b) constituent assembly (c) judicial service commission (d) electoral college.
9. Which of the following is not a main source of a constitution? (a) Judicial precedents (b) Legislative decisions (c) Previous constitution (d) Public deliberations.
10. A constitution whose procedure for amendment is the same as that of making an ordinary law is referred to as (a) a unitary constitution (b) an unwritten constitution (c) a flexible constitution (d) a confederal constitution.
Essay Questions
1. Distinguish between constitution and constitutionalism.
2. What factors should be considered in drawing up a constitution?
READ ASSIGNMENT: Read from Melrose Government SS 1, by R.E Aiyede et.al. Pages 68-74
PRE-READING ASSIGNMENT: Read and understand the structure and organization of government (executive)

TOPIC:THE STRUCTURE AND ORGANIZATION OF GOVERNMENT:

CONTENT: Executive:
(a) Composition –(i) Parliamentary/Cabinet executive (ii) Presidential executive. (b) Functions
(c) Control of the executive
(d) Honesty and integrity.

SUB-TOPIC 1: COMPOSITION-(I) PARLIAMENTARY CABINET EXECUTIVE (II) PRESIDENTIAL EXECUTIVE
Executive
The executive is the organ of government responsible for the implementation, execution or enforcement of laws and policies made by the legislative arm of the government. The executive sees to it that laws made in a country are obeyed.
Composition of the Executive
1. Federal Level: At the federal level, we have the following president or prime minister, secretary to the government of the federation, ministers, permanent secretaries, directors, etc

PRESIDENT GOODLUCK JONATHAN: EXECUTIVE PRESIDENT OF NIGERIA

2. State Level: At the state level we have, governor, deputy governor, head of service, secretary to the governor of the state, commissioners, permanent secretaries, directors etc.
3. Local Level: At the local level, we have, the chairman, vice chairman, secretary to the local government directors, head of department etc.
Types of Executive
1. Presidential Executive: It is a system of government in which all executive powers of government are vested in the president. The president is the head of state, head of government and Commander-in-Chief of the armed forces. Member of the executive are the president and his ministers, countries that practice the system include USA, Nigeria, Brazil, Chile etc.
2. Parliamentary Executive: It is a system of government in which one person is the head of state while another person is the head of government. The head of state maybe monarch or ceremonial president, while the head of government is usually the prime minister. In the parliamentary executive, all members of the executive are also members of parliament. Countries that practice the system include Britain, Sweden, republic of Italy, and Nigeria in her fist republic
EVALUATION
1. Explain the term “Executive composition”?
2. List and explain the type of executive?

Sub-Topic 2: FUNCTION AND CONTROL OF THE EXECUTIVE
Function of the Executive
i. Execution of Laws: It is the executive arm that executes or implements the laws made in the legislature by making sure that they are obeyed.
ii. Giving Assent to Bills: The head of the executive arm signs or gives assent to bills before they can become laws.
iii. Military Function: The head of the executive performs crucial military functions as the commander-in-chief of the armed forces.
iv. Provision of Welfare Services: It is the executive that performs the main function of the government which is provision of welfare services to the citizens.
v. Maintenance of External Relations: The executive maintains external relations, signs treaties etc with other countries especially friendly ones.
vi. Making of Budget: It is the executive that prepares the total proposed financial expenditure and revenue of the government in every new financial year.
vii. Dissolution of the Parliament: The executive performs the function of ordering the dissolution of the parliament.
viii. Appointment of Judicial Officials: The executive appoints the Chief Justice of the federation and other high ranking officials of the judiciary.
ix. Pardoning of Convicts: The executive through the powers granted to it by the constitution, he performs crucial judicial function of pardoning convicted offenders in a country.
Control of the Executive
i. The executive cannot act ultra vires; that is beyond its legal capacity.
ii. Actions of the executive could be challenged in the law courts and such acts could be declared null and void.
iii. Injunctions could be used to compel the executive to do certain things.
iv. In a presidential system of government, some appointments and decisions of the executive have to be approved by the legislature.
v. A president can be impeached in a presidential system of government.
vi. In the parliamentary system of government, a vote of no confidence can be passed on the executive.
vii. The public through lectures, seminars, symposia and public opinions can control the activities of the executive by creating public awareness.
viii. Convections or norms, wars, crises and calls for state of emergency can control the executives.
ix. International sanctions, bans etc can control the executive and force it into taking a specific stand on issues.
EVALUATION
1. Mention five functions of the executives
2. State five ways of controlling the executive.
Sub-Topic 3: HONESTY AND INTEGRITY
Honesty in the Executive: refers to the quality of saying the truth and acting truthfully in fairness and sincerity. Honesty does not involve cheating, deceit or telling lies, stealing or dealing in craftiness. It is a disposition of always communicating the truth with all sincerity, openness, equity, fairness in every situation whether in verbal and non-verbal communication.
Attributes or qualities of honesty include the following:
1. Sincerity: The executive arm of government should be sincere in carrying out their duties and responsibility while in government.
2. Trust-worthiness: This is the quality that the executive must possess so that citizens can trust them and believe in whatever they say.
3. Truthfulness: This is the attitude of giving correct or true information about something.
4. Responsibility: The executive must be responsible to the citizens.
5. Good Character: The executive of a country must be of good character.
6. Integrity: This is the attitude of being good in character, having good moral and always doing the right thing.
7. Fairness: This is the act of doing things according to the rule of law without cheating.
BENEFITS OF HONESTY
The benefits of honesty include the following:
1. It helps to form bonds in human relationship.
2. It helps to build a just and egalitarian society; where stealing, cheating, and lying and all forms of corruption are frowned at and condemned without fear or favour.
3. It guarantees rapid development because honesty or righteousness exalts a nation.
4. It prevents fraudulent practices such as inflating costs of contract, public funds embezzlement, money laundering, falsification of records and figures in order to steal or mis-appropriate public funds.
5. It enables things to work out well and fast. It helps to identify and solve problems in a straight forward way to avoid wastefulness.
INTEGRITY
Integrity is the quality of being honest and morally upright. It is the ability to do what is right in spite of all odds.
ATTRIBUTES OF INTEGRITY
The executive must possess the following attributes:
1. Probity and Honesty: A man of integrity must be honest and accountable for whatever task that is given to him
2. Non-Compromise of Principle: A man of integrity would never compromise whatever stand he is taking no matter the situation or the people involved
3. Truthfulness: A man of integrity will always stand by the truth at all times.
4. Contentment: He must be contented with whatever he has or in any situation he finds himself
5. Fair play: He or she is always fair when dealing with other people.
6. A role model:Finally, a man of integrity should alsobe a role modelwhich other people in the society can emulate.
EVALUATION
1. Outline five attributes of honesty.
2. State five attribute of integrity.
GENERAL EVALUATION
1. Explain the compositions of the executive.
2. What is cabinent executive?
3. Highlight five functions of the executive.
4. State five ways in which the executive can be controlled.
5. What is honesty and integrity?
WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT
Objective Test
1. The formation and implementation of policies are the major duties of the (a) police (b) judiciary (c) executive (d) legislature.
2. Which of the following functions is performed by the executive? (a) Recruitment of judges (b) passing of bills to laws (c) adjudication of cases (d) approval of budget.
3. When a court of law declares an action of the executive ultra-vires, it implies that (a) the action is illegal and above the power given (b) the executive has to implement the action (c) such an action should be passed into law (d) only the legislature can deal with such an action.
4. The ratification of major executive decisions by the legislature is in line with the application of (a) separation of power (b) rule of law (c) checks and balances (d) fusion of powers.
5. Which of the following acts as a check on the executive in the control of the finances of a State? The (a) judiciary (b) civil service (c) press (d) legislature.
Essay Questions
1. How is executive controlled in the exercise of its powers and functions?
2. Explain presidential executive.
READING ASSIGNMENT:
Read from Melrose Government SS 1, by R.E Aiyede et.al. Pages 75-77
PRE-READING ASSIGNMENT:
Read legislature and functions of the legislature in your e-learning note.