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SCHEME OF WORK
WEEK TOPIC
1. Introduction to Home Economics - (a) Meaning of Home Economics (b) Areas of Home Economics (c) Relationship of Home Economics to other subjects.

2. Home Economics and National Development: (a) meaning of Home Economics’ opportunities, (b) Home Economics career Requirements. (c) Importance of Home Economics to the individual, family and the nation.

3-6. The Human Body: (a) structure, and parts of the human body that require grooming.

• The Hair and the eyes
• The Nose and the Ear
• The Teeth and the Human Skin
• The Hands, Fingers, Nails, Feet, Toes,, etc

(b) Functions of the various parts of the human body.
(c) Care and grooming of the different parts of the human body.

7. Posture: (a) Meaning and types of postures. (b) Characteristics of good posture. (c) Importance of good posture. (d) Guidelines for maintain good posture.

8. Exercises: (a) meaning, importance and types of exercise. (b) Guidelines for exercising the body. (c) Use of drugs in exercises and sports.

9. Revision.

LESSON 1
TOPIC: INTRODUCTION TO HOME ECONOMICS
Home Economics mean different things to different people. To one person it simply means the act of cooking and sewing and to another it deals on child rearing and the art of fashion, but it should be clear that Home Economics is broader than these views.

What therefore is Home Economics?

Meaning of Home Economics.
Home Economics is the study of everything that helps to improve the home and the family i.e. people, money, food, housing and dressing. This covers areas such as Home Management, Family Living, Food and Nutrition, Child Rearing, Clothing and textile, Consumer Education, Housing and Interior Decoration.
It teaches us how to manage ourselves, our resources and our household.

Areas of Home Economics
Home Economics at the secondary school level is made up of the following major aspects;
(a) Food and nutrition - This is made up of:
(i) Food- This includes anything we eat to satisfy our appetite, to supply energy and to maintain all body processes.
(ii) Nutrition – This includes the study of different kinds of nutrients obtained from the food we eat.
(iii) Food preparation and Management also includes the care of the kitchen and the utensils used before and after cooking and eating.


(b) Clothing and Textile- This is a major area of Home Economics. Its minor aspects are:
(i) Clothing – This includes coverings and garment intended to be worn on the human body It also involves stitches and sewing of fabrics, care of fabrics as well as grooming.
(ii) Textile – It involves the study of fibres and how they are converted into yarns and fabrics.


(c) Home and Management- It involves the study of the following:
(i) Child development – This is the study of the growth and development of the child from pregnancy.
(ii) Family living – This involves the study of the family and the responsibility of individual members of the family.
(iii) Care of the home or house we live in- This involves way by which we take care of our homes.
(iv) Consumer Education- It teaches people how to make wise decision when buying and managing food items.
(v) Laundry-It involves the care of the clothes we wear.
(vi) Care of the body- This is about grooming (maintenance of the cleanliness and appearance of the body).
(vii) Adolescent and boy/girl relationship- This involves the way a boy and girl feel about, care for, and behave towards each other.


Evaluations/Activities
1. Explain the meaning of Home Economics.
2. List the major branches / areas of Home Economics.
3. How many major branches has Home – Economics?

Book Reading
Popoola o.o. Home Economics for JSS Book 1pages 3-5






LESSON 2

RELATIONSHIP OF HOME ECONOMICS TO OTHER SUBJECTS
Home Economics derives knowledge from other subjects and combines the knowledge gained to form its own mainframe.
The subjects which Home Economics is closely related to include: Biology, Psychology, Fine and Applied Arts, Agriculture, Chemistry, Economics, Mathematics, Sociology, Geography, Philosophy, Physics, History etc. The examples of knowledge drawn by Home Economics from these subjects are as follow.


Geography: the knowledge of geography helps us to know about our environment and the family which Home Economics is seriously dealing with does not exist in a vacuum environment. The knowledge of geography is very paramount to Home Economics.

Agriculture: the knowledge of food production in agriculture is carried to Home Economics because the family needs food for good health. Home Economics talks about food and nutrition.

Chemistry: it helps in home management as it teaches us about the food we eat, the effect of heat on them and their properties.

Economics: it helps in home management as it teaches us how to manage personal and family resources to satisfy our needs.

Physics: in food preservation and lighting, physics contributes to the knowledge of the workings of our refrigerators and electricity, cookers etc.

Psychology: how we learn and the condition for learning, child development etc are the concern of psychology. This knowledge is useful in mother craft and child development which form areas in Home Economics.

Fine and Applied Arts: Knowledge gained from fine and applied arts helps us to apply the principles of design in different aspects of home management, interior decoration etc.

English; the medium of expressing Home Economics ideas and rudiments is mostly done in English language.

Mathematics: in virtually all the areas of Home Economics we need to do one calculation or the other. Mathematics teaches us how to determine quantities and do accurate calculations.


Evaluation and Activities
1. The subject that helps Home Economists to understand the effect of heat in food is called ---------.
2. Physics helps a Home Economist to understand the workings of ---------
3. Explain ways Home Economics is related different subjects.

Book Reading
Popoola o.o. Home Economics for JSS Book 1pages 7-8


Assignment
Popoola O.O. Workbook on Home Economics New Concepts for JSS Book 1 Unit 1 Page 1

LESSON 3
TOPIC: HOME ECONOMICS AND NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT
CONTENT: 1. Home Economics’ career opportunities and Home Economics career Requirements.
2. Importance of Home Economics to the individual, family and nation.
Sub-Topic 1: Home Economics’ career opportunities and Home Economics career Requirements.

Home Economics’ career opportunities
The areas where Home Economics helps to develop skills, knowledge and attitude as mentioned earlier and the available careers shall be discussed one by one.
 Food and Nutrition: this is the study of food types and their nutrients. It covers food processing/preparation, preservation, meal management and serving. Jobs are available for people in food and nutrition, related jobs are Nutrition, Catering, Food Engineering. Food Service, Food technology, Food research, Dietetics, Teaching, Hotel management.

 Clothing and Textiles: This covers designing, pattern illustration, beauty care and hair dressing, dressmaking/tailoring, dry cleaning and laundering, modeling, Fashion merchandising, weaving, fabric dyeing, teaching, research.

 Home Management: this area of Home Economics deals on looking after ourselves, using those things that the family has to obtain the things needed by the family. It is here that proper household budgeting comes in, careers available here are; Teaching, House Keeping, Research, Health Extension Work, Interior decoration/designing, advertising, baby-sitting, child care, social welfare work.

 Mother Craft and Childs development: this relates to how to look after and feed babies to enable proper and all round development, careers such as; Nursery Nursing, mother crafts are available.




 Consumer Education: this aspect of Home Economics educates people /consumers on how to make wise decisions when choosing and buying goods and services. Jobs such as Consumerism and Teaching are available.

 Family living: It teaches people how to maintain good and harmonious relationship in the home within the family.

Housing and interior decoration: this area is related to the provision of housing for the family, planning on available space in the house so that furniture and other beautification materials are properly fitted in the house. Many people are now building careers in housing and interior decoration by assisting people to construct furniture and other household decoration and also helping to fix them to taste.


Home Economics Career Requirements.
Every job or career requires training. Certain subjects are required for admission in tertiary institutions to study Home Economics programmes where certificates are awarded to those who are qualified after the training.

S.S.C.E.: at senior secondary school level, students (boys and girls) can obtain credits and distinctions in food and nutrition /clothing and textiles/home management. This can qualify you to enter into home economics related establishment as attendants, semi – skilled workers, waiter/waitress, sales representatives etc.

Entry requirement for admission into any higher institutions of learning to study Home Economics related courses depends largely on the specific schools that are present in Joint Admission and Matriculation Board (JAMB) brochure, but credits and distinction would definitely be required in home management, clothing and textile or food and nutrition.

EVALUATION
1. State ten career opportunities in Home Economics and their functions.
2. List four requirements for any Home Economics career.

ACTIVITY
Visit Dressmakers/tailors workshop. Find out the nature of jobs carried out in this establishment. Write a report.
Book Reading
Popoola o.o. Home Economics for JSS Book 1pages 9-10






LESSON 4
Importance of Home Economics to the individual, family and nation.
The importance of Home Economics to individuals, families and the society cannot be overemphasized.


Importance of Home Economics to Individuals.
1. It teaches people how to live a good, healthy and happy life.
2. It helps women to get prepared for the role of home makers.
3. It teaches people how to care for themselves and their homes.
4. It teaches people to be self reliant.
5. It teaches people various careers in food and nutrition, Home management and clothing and textiles.
6. It helps people to start their own businesses.
7. It teaches women how to budget, purchase and make use of their money to obtain the best values.

Importance of Home Economics to Families.
1. It teaches people how to live happily with each other.
2. It teaches people how to take care of their family members.
3. It teaches people to be self – reliant and satisfied through the use of human and material resources available to them.
4. It teaches people how to use available resources to achieve a healthy family.
5. It teaches family members on how to get along very well with one another
6. It educates family members on how to get more income to meet the needs of the family and to build wealth.

Importance of Home Economics to the Nation.
1. It provides employment which helps in reducing poverty in the country.
2. It equips people with knowledge, skill, habits and right attitudes that will enable them to cope with the problems of health, environmental sanitation and over-crowding in the society.
3. It helps to improve the health of the nation.
It helps to make food available throughout the year in the country with the help of food preservation methods.

EVALUATION
1. Explain three importance of Home Economics to each of the following:
(i) Individuals
(ii) Families.
(iii) Nation

Book Reading
Popoola o.o. Home Economics for JSS Book 1pages 11-13


Assignment
Popoola O.O. Workbook on Home Economics New Concepts for JSS Book 1 Unit 2 Pages 2-3.

LESSON 5
TOPIC: THE HAIR AND EYES
CONTENT: 1. Structure, functions, care and grooming of the hair.
2. Structure, functions, care and grooming of the eye.

Structure, functions, Care and grooming of the hair:
Human hair is mostly found on the head. It is one of the beautiful assets on a human body; it makes an individual attractive when it is well cared for.

The structure of the hair:
Hair grows from a hair pit/narrow tube inside the skin called follicles. Each follicle has at its side tiny oil glands, which produces oil. The oil helps to lubricate the hair and keep the skin around it soft and smooth.



Types of Hair:
Hair comes in different colours, textures, shades, and length depending on race, food, health condition, ageing and care.
We shall however discuss the types of hair under:
a. Dry Hair: it is usually dry, dull, and unattractive, Causes could include insufficient production of oil, illness, poor food etc, from the oil gland.
b. Greasy or oily Hair: caused by over active oil gland, which produces more than is needed.
c. Soft Hair: usually very light and silky when touched and can be blown by wind.
d. Tough/Coarse Hair: usually very thick and difficult to comb or manage.
e. Short Hair: this is hair, which is cut and kept short. It is easier to care for than long hair.
f. Long Hair: it can result from heredity, good food, care etc.
Hair type can also be artificial if it has been changed using hair chemicals, or when another thing is attached to the hair .For example wig and attachment.


Functions of the hair
1. It protects the head.
2. It keeps the head warm in cold weather.
3. It improves personal appearance and adds beauty to a person.


Care and grooming of the Hair
Whatever the type of hair, it is necessary to keep the hair clean and tidy. The following should be done to achieve beautiful hair.
1. Brush or comb your hair daily. It stimulates the flow of blood and helps to remove dandruff.
2. Hair should be washed frequently with shampoo at least once a week and preferably during the day.
3. Long hairs should be well drained after washing before tying it up.
4. Hair should be oiled regularly to stimulate the scalp except for persons with greasy or oily hair.
5. Plait, style or pack your hair neatly.

Simple and complex hair care equipment and materials include: combs, brushes, mirrors, plaiting threads, towels, hair dryer, hair sprays, pins, clips etc



Activities
Students should divide the hair equipment into simple and complicated.
Identify 3 people in your class and the type of the hair they have.

Evaluation
1. Describe the hair structure.
2. ------- under the follicle produces oil for the hair.
3. List 5 types of hair.
4. Mention 5 ways of caring for the hair.
5. State 5 materials and 2 equipments for hair care.

Reading assignment
Popoola o.o. Home Economics for JSS Book 1pages 20-22






LESSON 6
Structure, functions, care and grooming of the eye.
This week as a continuation on the study of the human body, we shall discuss on the structure, function and care of the eyes:


The Structure of the Eyes
The eye is made up of different parts. Each part performs different roles in helping us to see. The parts of the eyes are: Iris, Cornea, Lens, Retina, Optic nerve, Pupil, Tear gland, the eye ball, Eyebrow, Eyelashes, Aqueous and Vitreous humors.


PARTS OF THE EYES FUNCTIONS
The Iris ---- This is the coloured part of the eye. It surrounds the pupils and helps it to regulate the pupils to darken or brighten.
Cornea- ----The cornea is a protective layer. It helps to keep dirt and dust away from the pupils.
Lens ----- This is the glass-like part of the eyes. It helps the eyes to see things that are so far or nearby changing their size.
Pupils- ----This is the hole in front of the eyeball through which light enters the eyes.
Optic nerve ----- This part of the eye is a sensory nerve, which links the eyeball to the brain.
Retina ----- This is a sensitive spot in the eye where images are formed.
Tear gland- ---- This gland helps to pour out tear over the front of the eye. The tears poured out, helps to wash away dusts, which enters the eyes.
Eyes lashes- ---- These are the hair at the lid. They help to protect the eye from dirt and dust.
The eye balls- ---- These are the organs of sight connected to the brain through the optic nerve.
Eye lid ----- This is the skin covering the eyeball. It can be closed to prevent foreign objects from entering the eyes.


Generally, the eye helps us to see.

Care and grooming of the eye.
To care for the eyes we should;
I. Use good light when reading or sewing to avoid straining the eyes.
II. Eat foods rich in Vitamin A, such as green vegetables, palm oil etc.
III. Avoid looking directly at very bright light e.g. light from electricity, welders, sunlight etc.
IV. Avoid washing our eyes with disinfectants except at the prescription of an optician/ophthalmologist.
V. Avoid reading small prints for long period; doing this strains the eyes.
VI. Avoid rubbing the eye when there is something in it. It is better to remove the object dipping the eye in a clean bowl of water with frequent blinking.
VII. Relax the eyes by looking up from time to time when watching TV, reading books, writing or sewing.
VIII. Avoid holding a book or work too near to the face as doing that may strain the eyes.
IX. Wear glasses if you are so directed by the optician and make sure your glasses are always kept clean.
X. See an optician in case you have sore watering eyes when reading


Lack of care for the eye could lead to:
(1) Poor eye sight.
(2) Wearing of glasses.
(3) Blindness.
(4) Eye infection.
(5) Short sightedness / myopia (inability to see objects that are far away).
(6) Long sightedness / hypermetropia (inability to see objects that are near).
Conjunctivitis (a contagious disease that causes a lot of itching in the eye).

Evaluation
1. List 7 parts of the eye and state their functions.
2. The eyes is the organ of…….
3. Mention four problems of the eye due to lack of proper care.
4. State five ways to care for the eyes.

5. Is it proper to use another person’s face towel?
6. Name one contagious disease of the eye

Reading assignment
Popoola o.o. Home Economics for JSS Book 1pages 23-24

Assignment
Popoola O.O. Workbook on Home Economics New Concepts for JSS Book 1 Unit 3 Pages 4-6.

LESSON 7
TOPIC: THE NOSE AND EAR
CONTENT: 1. Structure, functions, care and grooming of the nose.
2. Structure, functions, care and grooming of the ear.

Structure, functions, care and grooming of the nose.

The nose is one of the sense organs. It is the organ of smell. It is also used for breathing.

The Structure of the Nose
As said earlier, the nose is the sense organ for smell. The top of the nose consists of bone while the rest is made of cartilage, small muscles and skin lined with a fine moist / wet mucous membrane. It is divided into two nostrils by a partition known as septum. The nerves of smell, which runs from the nose to the brain, are called olfactory nerves.
The nose also consists of tiny hairs at its entrance. These hairs act as filters for air entering into the lungs.




Functions of the Nose
I. It is used for smelling
II. It acts as a passage through which the air we breathe passes in and out of the lungs.
III. The air entering the lungs is filtered and warmed by the tiny hairs at the entrance of the nostrils.


Care of the Nose
We need to care for our Noses. Lack of care could cause Nasal infection; bleeding of the nose and breathing difficulties. To care for the nose therefore, we must:
1. Avoid poking the nostrils with fingers. Poking may cause wound and bleeding.
2. Use handkerchiefs or tissue paper to blow our nose when we have cold.
3. Avoid pushing objects into the nose.
4. Blow the nose gently and avoid sniffing.
5. Avoid plucking the hair in the nose.
6. See a doctor in case of any nose infection or blockage of the nose through foreign object.


Activities/Evaluation
1. The nose is the sense organ for-----------
2. State another use of the nose.
3. Mention 5 ways to care for your nose.
4.Draw a well-labeled diagram of the nose.

Reading assignment
Popoola o.o. Home Economics for JSS Book 1pages 24-25





LESSON 8
Structure, functions, care and grooming of the ear.

The ear is the organ of hearing. It also helps us to maintain balance.

Structure of the Ear
The ear is made up of three parts;
The outer ear, middle ear, and the inner ear. The outer ear is like a funnel .It picks sounds and carries it to the eardrum .The eardrum is between the outer ear and the middle ear. The sound /vibration passes to the inner ear where it is transmitted through the auditory nerve to the brain for interpretation.


Functions of the Ear
1. It is the organ of hearing
2. It helps to maintain balance

CARE OF THE EAR
I. The ear like every organ is very delicate and should be well cared for by washing the outer ear daily and then wipe with clean towel.
II. Remove excess wax in the ear canal using cotton swab as gentle as possible.
III. Do not put any sharp object in the ear.
IV. Report any form of ear ache to the doctor.


Evaluation
I. Sketch the ear and label the
a) Outer ear.
b) Middle ear.
c) Inner ear

II. The part of the ear that looks like funnel is ---------
III. The tiny hair in the nose are used to---------------
Mention the three sense organs you have been taught in your Home Economics class this term.

Reading assignment
Popoola o.o. Home Economics for JSS Book 1pages 26-3

Assignment
Popoola O.O. Workbook on Home Economics New Concepts for JSS Book 1 Unit 4 Pages 7-11.

LESSON 9
TOPIC: THE TEETH AND HUMAN SKIN.
CONTENT: 1. Structure, functions, care and grooming of the teeth.
2. Structure, functions, care and grooming of the human skin.

Structure, functions, care and grooming of the teeth.
The teeth are usually found in the mouth. They are the hard white objects inside the mouth that are used for biting, tearing, cutting and crushing of food. The human teeth develop in two stages namely milk teeth and permanent teeth. The milk /temporary teeth is the first set of teeth grown as children while the permanent teeth are those that replace the milk teeth when the individual is a full grown adult.
A full grown adult has 32 teeth.


Structure of the Tooth;
A tooth is made up of the crown, the root, neck, dentine, pulp cavity and enamel.
I. The crown is the part of the tooth above the gum i.e. the part that shows when you open your mouth
II. The neck is the area around the surface of the gum that separates the crown from the root.
III. The dentine is the center of the tooth, which surrounds and protects the pulp cavity.
IV. The pulp cavity is the part that contains blood vessels and nerves.
V. The root is the part buried in the jawbone.
VI. The enamel is a very hard substance that protects the dentine against heat and cold.


TYPES AND FUNCTIONS OF TEETH
There are four major types of teeth in the adult human mouth. They are incisors canine, pre-molars, and molars.
a. Incisors: these are the sharp teeth at the front of the mouth, used for cutting and biting. There are eight incisors in an adult mouth.
b. Canines: these are the pointed teeth towards the front of the mouth immediately after the incisors. They are four.They are used for tearing meat.
c. Pre-molar: these are the large flat surfaced teeth located next to the canine. They are eight in number. They are used for grinding food.
d. Molars: these are located behind the pre-molars at the back of the mouth. They are used for chewing food and are twelve in number.


When you sum up the numbers of each type of teeth you get 32. The adult human being teeth are 32.

Care of the teeth
a. Clean the teeth every morning and at bedtime with toothpaste and soft brush or clean chewing stick.
b. Eat balanced diet for healthy teeth.
c. Avoid eating very hot or very cold foods because they may damage the enamel.
d. Rinse your mouth after each meal to remove remnants of food from your teeth.
e. Do not pick your teeth with sharp objects such as pins, needles etc.
f. Exercise your teeth by eating crispy foods.
g. Avoid chewing sweets as they cause tooth decay.
h. Do not open bottle tops or crack nut with your teeth.


Tooth infection.
Toothache- this is usually caused by bacteria or germs build up in the mouth as a result of leftover food particles from the mouth.


Tooth decay- sugars, sweets and starchy foods bring about tooth decay if their particles are left between the teeth. Not chewing sweets can also help prevent tooth decay.


Evaluation
a. How many teeth does an adult have?
b. State the types of teeth and their functions.
c. What are the two stages of teeth developed?
d. Enumerate four ways of taking care of the teeth.

Activity
Draw a tooth and label its different parts

Reading assignment
Popoola o.o. Home Economics for JSS Book 1pages 31-35





LESSON 10
Structure, functions, care and grooming of the human skin.

The skin is the outer covering of the human body. It contributes to the beauty of a person when properly cared for. When the skin is neglected, skin diseases may occur.

Structure of the skin
The skin has two layers: Epidermis (outer layer) and the Dermis (inner layer also called the true skin).


[b]The Epidermis[/b]
The Epidermis is the outer layer of the skin. It is made up of dead cells; it has no blood vessels or nerves.

It has hairs and tiny holes called sweat pores or perspiration, sweat passes through the sweat pores.

The Dermis
The Dermis is the inner layer of the skin. It contains blood vessels and nerves, sweat glands, fat deposits, oil glands and hair roots. It is otherwise called true skin.
a. The blood vessels and nerves help to keep the skin healthy and to perform its functions.
b. The sweat glands produce sweat and send it out to the skin surface.
c. Hair roots help to keep the hair fresh and soft.
d. Oil glands produce oil that keeps the skin and hair fresh and soft.
e. Fat deposits reduce the heat loss from the body.



Types of skin
Understanding the types of skin you have is very important because it will afford you the opportunity of learning how to care for it. There are 3 major types of skin, namely:
1. Normal skin: this type of skin is soft, smooth, clear and without spots.
2. Oily skin: this type of skin is greasy as a result of over secretion of oil from the oil gland.
3. Dry skin: this type of skin feels rough and thin; it is sensitive and wrinkles easily. The skin flakes off in small dry particles from the forearm and the forehead. Dry weather, ageing, poor feeding, diseases and lack of care can cause dry skin.


Functions of the skin
i. The skin serves as an excretory organ.
ii. It protects the body against harsh weather condition.
iii. It helps keep the body temperature normal.
iv. It produces oil through the oil glands to lubricate the body surface.


Care and grooming of the Skin
1. Regular daily bath of the whole body.
2. Keep your towels, under wears and other clothing clean and dry.
3. Use good toilet soap, soft sponge and clean water for normal skin while antiseptic or medicated soap should be used for dry skin.
4. Wash yourself after serious games or exercises to prevent body odour.
5. Use mild skin creams or oils.
6. Do not use other people’s bathing materials like sponge, towel or clothing.
7. Avoid the use of bleaching creams so that your skin will not be damaged.
8. Eat balanced diet and foods rich in milk, proteins, fruits, vegetables, cod liver oil.
9. Treat skin diseases and problems immediately.


Skin infections/diseases
Eczema
Pimples
Ring worm
Scabies




Treatment
See a Dermatologist.
Skin injuries are different from skin diseases or infection. Injuries are caused by accidents and examples are burns and scalds, cuts, stings.
Burns are caused by dry heat e.g. candle flame, hot iron while scalds are caused by moist heat like steam, boiling liquid.

Evaluation
1. The skin is made up of two layers namely ---------- and ---------.
2. Another name for Dermis is ----------
3. List three types of skin.
4. Mention four functions of the skin.
5. State four ways of taking care of the skin.

Activity
Examine your skin to identify its type.

Book Reading
Popoola o.o. Home Economics for JSS Book 1pages 36-38

Assignment
Popoola O.O. Workbook on Home Economics New Concepts for JSS Book 1 Unit 5& 6 Pages 12-16.

LESSON 11
TOPIC: THE HANDS, FINGERS, NAILS, FEET AND TOES.
CONTENT: 1. Structure, functions, care and grooming of the hands, fingers and nails (Manicure)
2. Structure, functions, care and grooming of the feet and toes (Pedicure)

Structure, functions, care and grooming of the hands, fingers and nails (Manicure)
The hands, fingers, nails, feet and toes are very important parts of the body. The ways they are cared for, can affect your appearance. It is then necessary that proper care be given to these parts of the body because dirty hands can harbour diseases and germs especially under the finger nails and dirty feet can hide harmful disease and germs.

HANDS AND FINGERS
The hand starts from the wrist and is made up of the palm, the fingers and the nails. It is a part of the lower arm and the fingers on the hand consist of nails, which are made up of nail plate, nail crescent cuticle and nail bed.


Functions of hands and fingernails.
1. They are used for touching things.
2. They are also used for doing different types of work.
3. They are used for various activities such as carrying, picking, eating, writing, demonstrating, driving, swimming, washing and sweeping.

Manicure: - Is the process of caring for the hands and fingers.

Care of the hands and fingernails
Hands
1. We must wash our hands with mild soap and water before and after meals.
2. We must wash our hands after using the toilet.
3. Rinse hands properly with clean water.
4. Dry with a clean soft cloth.
5. Apply a little hand lotion or cream to keep the hand soft.
6. Use rubber gloves to protect the hands when doing dirty jobs.


Finger Nails.
 Trim the finger nails regularly.
 The nail crescent should be kept clean and prominent.
 Avoid trimming your nails with teeth; use a pair of scissors, nail file of razor blade.
 Always scrub around and under the fingernails using soft sponge.
 Sharp pointed objects should not be used for cleaning beneath the nails, as they can damage the nails and also injure you.
Manicure can be done using nail clippers and scissors, nail files, hand lotion, cotton bud, nail polish, nail hardness etc.
The biggest finger is called the thumb.


Evaluation
1. Name the parts of a nail.
2. Describe the hand.
3. State 3 ways of caring for: (i) Your hands.
(ii) Your fingernails.
4. What is the name given to the biggest finger?
5. What is manicure?

Activity
Make a sketch of a hand and indicate the position of the finger, palm and nails.
Book Reading
Popoola o.o. Home Economics for JSS Book 1pages 38-40






LESSON 12
Structure, functions, care and grooming of the feet and toes (Pedicure)
The foot is a part of your body at the end of your leg on which you stand and it consists of the ankle, heel, sole, toes and nails. The biggest toe is called the big toe.

Functions of feet
1. The legs give us support.
2. The legs are used for walking.
3. The legs also perform many other useful activities like playing games, dancing, driving, jumping, kicking, matching, etc.


Care of the Feet and Toes
The feet can have some problems if they are not well cared for, because they are in close contact with the ground. Problems such as dust and dirt (caused by ill-fitting shoes), calluses and athlete’s foot (caused by constantly wet foot).
Pedicure is the process of caring for the feet and the toe nails.

To care for the feet and toes’ nails:
1. Exercise your ankle joint by moving your foot round.
2. Keep toe nails short and clean using nail clipper etc.
3. Wear good-fitting and comfortable shoes.
4. Remove any rough dry skin around the sole of the feet by rubbing with pumice.
5. Rinse thoroughly and dry with a clean towel.
6. Apply some lotion; cream or petroleum jelly on the feet after washing to prevent dryness.
7. Keep your stockings clean and change them daily.
8. Always keep the feet clean and dry especially around the toes to prevent germs.
9. Put your feet up for some time say twenty-five minutes to rest them after standing
10. Avoid walking bare footed as you can hurt your feet with sharp objects on the ground.
11. Always use your own pedicure set or sterilize any one to be used to prevent being infected.
12. When doing pedicure, make sure you push back the nail cuticle gently.


Evaluation
i. The process of caring for the foot and toes’nails is called ---------
ii. List 5 ways of caring for your feet and toes’ nails.
iii. Mention 5 ways of caring for your hands and finger.
iv. List 3 tools in a manicure / pedicure set.
v. Mention three diseases or problems of the feet.
vi. List two functions of hand and foot.

Activity
Draw and label a foot.

Book Reading
Popoola o.o. Home Economics for JSS Book 1pages 42-43

Assignment
Popoola O.O. Workbook on Home Economics New Concepts for JSS Book 1 Unit 5& 6 Pages 17-18.

LESSON 13
TOPIC: POSTURE.
CONTENT: 1. Meaning, types and characteristics of good posture.
2. Importance of good posture and guidelines for maintaining good posture.

Meaning, types and characteristics of good posture.

MEANING
Posture is the way you carry your body when you walk, stand or sit. In good posture, the back is kept straight, shoulders pull well back and head hold high. This means that good posture is keeping the natural balance of the body aligned with the three major weight centers of the body (the head, chest and waist).

Types of postures
1. Walking posture


2. Sitting posture


3. Sleeping posture


4. Standing posture


5. Working posture e. g ironing, weeding, scrubbing etc



6. Reading posture



Characteristics of good posture
1. The body is smart and straight.
2. The body’s muscles develop uniformly.
3. The various parts of the body are very proportional to one another.
4. The body is healthy and active at all times.

Evaluation
1. Define good posture.
2. Enumerate five types of posture.
3. State characteristics of posture.

Activities:
Demonstrate the following in the class
a. Good walking posture.
b. Good reading posture.
c. Good sitting posture.

Book Reading
Popoola o.o. Home Economics for JSS Book 1pages 44-45

Assignment
Popoola O.O. Workbook on Home Economics New Concepts for JSS Book 1 Unit 5& 6 Pages 17-18.






LESSON 14
Importance of good posture and guidelines for maintaining good posture.

Importance of good posture
 Good posture helps a person to improve his movement and activities.
 It improves our appearance and personality.
 It prevents pains in the body.
 It enhances self-confidence, dignity and respect.
 It helps our clothes to fit us better.
 It gives the body a comfortable and relaxed feeling.
 It promotes good health.
 It reduces fatigue or tiredness in us.
 It makes our food digest easily.
 It enables us to carry our body weight evenly while either walking, standing, sitting or working.

Guidelines or rules for good postures:

A. For Good Sitting Posture:
i. Always sit on comfortable chair.
ii. Sit with your hips far back to the chair.
iii. Support your back with the chair, do not lean forward
iv. Hold your shoulders back without strain.
v. Keep your head erect and your chest up.
vi. Keep your legs together or one slightly in front of the other.
vii. Always sit straight with your feet relaxed and your hands placed on your thigh.

B. Good Standing Posture:
i. Always stand firmly on both feet.
ii. Stand with your head up and chest out.
iii. Do not place all your weight in one leg.
iv. Hold your shoulders erect
v. Tuck in your tummy (abdomen).
vi. Walk tall. Avoid bending your body.
v. Tuck in your tummy and bottom.

C. Good Walking Posture:
i. Wear comfortable shoes.
ii. Lift your feet up smartly. Avoid dragging.
iii. Hold your head up.
iv. Hold your shoulders back and your chest out.
v. Tuck in your tummy (abdomen)
vi. Walk tall. Avoid bending your body.
vii. Let your arms swing freely by your sides.

D. Good working posture
Every type of tasks requires a good posture so as to prevent discomfort and fatigue at work and to enjoy our work.
a. Good ironing posture.
i. Make sure your ironing board or surface for ironing is adjusted to your waist level while ironing.
ii. Avoid stooping of stretching yourself while ironing.
iii. Place one leg a little forward while ironing.

b. Good reading posture
i. Use a good chair and table of comfortable height.
ii. Follow the guideline for good sitting posture.
iii. Keep your legs under the table and your hands comfortably on the table.

e. Good scrubbing posture


i. Put your kneels down, placing your backbone parallel to the floor.
ii.Avoid curling your backbones.
iii.Support your body with one hard while you scrub with the other.

Evaluation:
i. Explain five importance of good posture.
ii. Mention two kinds of work and the guidelines for postures during such work.
iii. Swinging your hands by your sides is a guideline under -------- posture.

Reading Assignment:
Popoola o. o. Home Economics for Junior Secondary Schools book 1, Page 46 – 48.

Assignment
Popoola O.O. Workbook on Home Economics New Concepts for JSS Book 1 Unit 8 Page 19.

LESSON 15
TOPIC: EXERCISES
CONTENT: 1. Meaning, importance and types of exercises.
2. Guidelines for exercising the body, use of drugs in exercises and sports.


MEANING, IMPORTANCE AND TYPES OF EXERCISES.
Meaning of Exercise
Exercise is an act of making the muscles of the body perform some activities like running, swimming, jumping, press-up etc in order to stay healthy and make your body stronger.


Importance of Exercise:
Exercise is important to the body because:
1. It helps the muscles to be strong and healthy.
2. It makes us grow strong and healthy.
3. It aids digestion and prevents constipation.
4. It makes us to have appetite.
5. It makes the sweat glands of the skin more active.
6. It enables overweight persons to shed excess weight.
7. It reduces the risk of heart diseases because cholesterol level reduces after exercise.
8. Energy flow to the body increases.
9. It helps to release built-up tension.
10. It refreshes the brain through increase blood circulation.

Types of Exercises:
There are different types of exercises ranging from strengthening, Aerobic exercise to stretching exercise.

A. Strengthening Exercises:
These kinds of exercises help to build strong muscles. Examples are press-up, weight lifting, push-up and sit-up.


How to do Press-up:
i. Lie flat and straight on the floor face down
ii. Support your body weight with your hands placed on the ground.
iii. Point your fingers forward
iv. Rest your feet on the top of your toes
v. Push your body up with your hands and count 1-20 at least.
vi. Stand up for a moment and then repeat the exercise.


B. Aerobic Exercises:
There are exercises, which enhance the efficiency of your heart and lungs. They increase the rate of energy use in the body and enhances intake of oxygen into the body. Examples are swimming, bicycling, walking etc.


C. Stretching Exercises:
These exercises help the body to be flexible. Examples are exercise for waist and arms, dancing, exercise for abdomen.


How to exercise your waist and arm
1) Stand with your feet slightly apart.
2) Place your arms over your head
3) Bend forward and touch the floor between your feet.
4) Get back to the standing posture.
5) Repeat as long as you can.

Evaluation:
1. What is exercise?
2. Mention three types of exercises and give at least one example of each.
3. State 5 importance of exercising our body.
Activity:
Students should practise press-ups.

Reading Assignment:
Popoola o. o. Home Economics for Junior Secondary Schools book 1, Page 49.






LESSON 16
Guidelines for exercising the body, use of drugs in exercises and sports.

Guidelines for exercising the body.
1. Build your exercise routine around activities you enjoy.
2. Exercise regularly.
3. Exercise daily or at least 3 to 5 times a week.
4. Set aside time for exercise
5. Exercise 20 to 30 minutes a day.
6. Wear the correct gear when performing the exercise.
7. Use the correct materials and equipment for exercise
8. Avoid exercising immediately after meal.
9. Obey the rules of exercises.
10. Practice the exercise in a suitable environment.


Use of drugs during exercise:
Drugs refer to many kinds of substance, from doctor prescribed medicines to illegal substances like marijuana, tobacco, alcohol, cannabis, speed, heroin etc. Apart from the doctor prescribed drugs for health, all other drugs (illegal) are not good for your health.
Some people are so used to taking these illegal drugs that they find it difficult to live a day without them. This situation is called drug addiction.


It is very bad to practise this physical and mental dependence on continual use of a drug whether for exercise or for sports.

Disadvantages of using drugs in exercises and sports:
i. It can result in anti-social behaviour.
ii. Users cheat on other contestants because drug use makes them perform beyond their natural endowment.
iii. It can lead to physical break down.
iv. It can cause emotional and mental disorder.
v. It is illegal and attracts severe penalty when they are discovered.
vii. Users can die of this addiction.
viii. Drug addicts will not like to stop until it ruins their career.
ix. It reduces appetite for food thereby affecting the whole body system.
x. It affects the body muscles.

Evaluation:
1. Define drug
2. Are all drugs bad?
3. State five consequences of using drugs in exercise and sports.

Activity:
Find out five indoor exercises you can do.

Assignment
Popoola O.O. Workbook on Home Economics New Concepts for JSS Book 1 Unit 9 Page 20.